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Genres War, Action; 2019; 165 Minutes; The film is based on the third battle of Panipat which took place on the 14 of January in 1761 between the Marathas and the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Abdali; 
; 2075 Vote. अप्रतिम... किती प्रदीर्घ अभ्यास आहे सर आपला. जस जशी तुमची वाणी बोलत होती तस तसे माझे कान प्रत्येक शब्दांचे आतुरतेने वाट पहात होते. कधी न ऐकलेला इतिहास आज पाहीला. पाहीला यासाठी म्हटलं कारण जस जसा तुम्ही इतिहास उलगडत होतात तस तसा प्रत्येक मावळा, मराठा, घोडेस्वार, व स्वत: दत्ताजी शिंदे उभे राहत होते. खुप छान वाटलं. धन्यवाद सर...
Panipat cast. Saif using second hand. Panipat song. Map sahie karoo pehla indian territories sahie dekhoo. Every where Arjun Kapoor had the same nutral face. He is nutral in every scene. No expression no shirts given at all. Panipat history. Who is best trailer pagalpanti : comments pati patni aur woh : like.
Panipat movie collection. Panipat full movie hd. Panipat refinery. Panipat songs. According to the legend, Panipat was one of the five cities (prasthas) founded by the Pandava brothers during the times of the Mahabharata; its historic name being Panduprastha. Panipat was the scene of three pivotal battles in Indian First Battle of Panipat was fought on 21 April 1526 between Ibrahim Lodhi, Sultan of Delhi, and the Timurid warlord Zaheeruddin Babur. Baburs force defeated Ibrahims much larger force of over one lakh (one hundred thousand) First battle of Panipat thus ended the ‘Lodi Rule established by Bahlul Lodhi in India. The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of Akbar and Samrat Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, a King of North India, who belonged to Rewari in Haryana and had captured the large states of Agra and Delhi defeating Akbars forces. This king, also known as Vikramaditya had won 22 battles against the Afghan rebels from 1553–1556 from Punjab to Bengal, and had his coronation at Purana Quila in Delhi on 7 October 1556 and had established ‘Hindu Raj in North India, before the 2nd battle of Chandra had a large army, and initially his forces were winning, but suddenly Hemu was struck by an arrow in the eye and he lost his senses. On not seeing him in his howdah on the back of an elephant, his army fled. He was later captured and beheaded by the Mughals. His head was sent to Kabul to be hanged outside Delhi Darwaza and torso was hanged outside Purana Quila in Delhi. This Second battle of Panipat thus ended the ‘Hindu Raj established by Hemu in north India, albeit for a short period. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought in 1761 between the Afghan invader Ahmad Shah Abdali and the Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau Peshwa of Pune. Ahmad Shah won but with a very heavy casualty rate on both sides. It resulted in the worst defeat of Marathas in their history. The war led to a power vacuum which later led to the British conquest of India. The famous Urdu shayar Maulana Hali was born in Panipat.
Panipat full movie. Panipat war history. Panipat movie wiki. Battles of Panipat, 1526, 1556, 1761) three military engagements, important in the history of northern India, fought at Panipat, a level plain suitable for cavalry movements, about 50 miles (80 km) north of Delhi. First Battle of Panipat (1526) An overwhelmingly outnumbered Mughal force prevailed at Panipat. This was due to the resourcefulness of its commander, Babur, demonstrated in his use of field fortifications and his instinctive sense of the value of the firepower of gunpowder. The victory enabled him to lay the foundations for the Indian Mughal Empire. Babur's Mosque Babur's Mosque, Panipat, northwestern India. Catherine B. Asher A descendant of Timur, Babur became a refugee at the age of twelve when the Uzbeks seized Samarkand in 1494. At age fifteen he was back with his own warband. He laid siege to his home city, but without success. Undaunted, he headed south into Afghanistan. Capturing Kabul in 1504, he made it his base for raids into Central Asias Transoxania region. Increasingly, however, he found himself tempted by the unimaginable wealth of India. In the years that followed, he mounted a series of incursions into the Punjab. These territories had for three centuries belonged to a Muslim empire, the Delhi sultanate. Although its prestige had been badly damaged by Timurs triumph of 1398, it remained a powerful presence in northern India. At this time, the sultanate was under the control of an Afghan elite. A capricious and divisive ruler, Sultan Ibrahim Lodi had alienated many of his nobles. It was indeed a local lord in Hindustan who, in 1523, invited Babur to undertake a full-scale invasion. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. Subscribe today Although he clearly was attracted by the idea of invasion, Babur was in no hurry. His army numbered only 10, 000 men, so he made sure that they were well equipped and superbly trained before committing to his assault on Hindustan. He took the time to train them in the use of gunpowder weapons, while making sure their skills in traditional steppe warfare were not neglected. Only at the end of 1525 did he embark on his invasion. His army swept aside the Afghan force that marched out to meet it, so Sultan Ibrahim himself led a second army into the field, taking up a position at Panipat, to the north of Delhi. On 12 April 1526, Babur found himself confronted with an enormous multitude: 100, 000 men and 1, 000 elephants. Unfazed, he set about constructing an impromptu fortress on the open plain, tying 700 carts together and fronting them with earthen ramparts as protection for his cannon and for his musketeers with their matchlocks. As the days passed and a hesitant Sultan Ibrahim stayed his attack, Babur was able to consolidate his position still further. He dug trenches and felled trees, constructing barriers to the left and right, while leaving gaps through which his cavalry could charge. On 21 April, Ibrahim finally made his move. His troops surged forward, only to be brought up short by Baburs fortifications. As they milled about in confusion, the Mughal cavalry came wheeling in from the wings: the sultans force was effectively surrounded. At this point, Baburs gunners opened up their bombardment from behind their barrier, firing at point-blank range into this close-packed mass. Unable either to advance or retreat, the Afghan army was cut down cruelly. Not only was Babur now the undisputed ruler of Hindustan, but also the road to Delhi and the domains of the sultanate lay wide open. On the basis of this victory, he was able to establish a glorious new ruling line. In honor of its founders Timurid origins—and of the Mongol antecedents of Timur himself—this was to be known as the Mughal, or Mogul, dynasty. This victory marked the beginning of the Mughal Empire in India. Losses: Mughal, unknown; Afghan, 20, 000–50, 000. Second and Third Battles of Panipat (1556, 1761) The Mughal Empires expansion, stalled after the death of its founder Babur in 1530, began anew under Baburs grandson, Akbar. Fighting on a field that had proved so propitious for his grandfather, the young Akbar won a vital victory over the powerful Hindu ruler, Hemu. Baburs son Humayun had encountered serious setbacks, even losing his kingdom after it was conquered by the Pashtun warlord Sher Shah Suri in 1540. Rebuilding his forces in exile, he eventually took back his realms fifteen years later, leaving his son and successor, Akbar, with a great empire. Humāyūn's Tomb Humāyūn's Tomb, commissioned by Ḥamīdah Bānū Begam in 1569 and designed by Mīrak Mīrzā Ghiyās̄, in Delhi, India. Rudolf Tepfenhart/Fotolia To the east of Akbars realms, the Suri general Hemu had set himself up as a strongman ruler; calling himself a king, he built a powerbase in Bengal. Aged just thirteen, Akbar seemed singularly ill-equipped to cope with this threat. However, he had rare gifts—and the support of his guardian, the accomplished general Bairam Khan. Hemu had unstoppable momentum, it seemed—having already taken Agra and the strategic fortress of Tughlaqabad, in October 1556 he captured Delhi. Too late to save the city, Akbars army let it go and stopped on the plains to the north, at Panipat. On 5 November 1556, the scene was set for the Second Battle of Panipat. Repeated elephant charges failed to break the resolve of the outnumbered Mughal soldiers. An inspiring figure, Hemu led from the front, perched high up on an elephant, an important talisman for his troops. He was also a tempting target for the Mughal archers, and initially they showered him with shafts to no avail, so impregnable was the headto-foot armor he was wearing. Eventually, though, one arrow found its way in through an eye-slit and killed him. Seeing their leader fall, the Hindus broke and fled. The third battle (Jan. 14, 1761) ended the Maratha attempt to succeed the Mughals as rulers of India and marked the virtual end of the Mughal empire. The Maratha army, under the Bhao Sahib, uncle of the peshwa (chief minister) was trapped and destroyed by the Afghan chief Aḥmad Shah Durrānī. Following the decline of the Mughal Empire after the death of Emperor Aurangzeb, the Maratha Confederacy had expanded rapidly, threatening the Afghan Durrani Empire, ruled by Ahmad Shah Durrani. Ahmad declared a jihad and launched a campaign that captured large parts of the Punjab. The Marathas responded by raising a large army, under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau, and recaptured Delhi. Ahmads campaign was aimed at starving the Maratha army of its supplies. At the same time, he led an army of 40, 000 into the south to trap the Maratha army in the Punjab. Cut off and starving, Bhau decided to break Ahmads blockade, spawning the two armies to face off at Panipat. The former attempted to pulverize the latters army with a massive artillery bombardment and then utilize his superiority in numbers to break the Durrani blockade and move south in a defensive posture. However, he was undermined by rivalries within his ranks and the need to protect many civilians. Durrani launched a surprise attack before the artillery had inflicted serious damage and Bhaus nephew was killed. The Maratha commander entered the battle to recover his nephews body, but his troops thought him dead and their morale plummeted. The smaller Durrani army took advantage and routed them. Bhau escaped, to die sometime later, but the Maratha army had been destroyed and the unity of the empire was broken. This began 40 years of anarchy in northwestern India and cleared the way for later British supremacy. Losses: Maratha, 40, 000 casualties and 30, 000 captured of 80, 000; Durrani, 5, 000 casualties of 40, 000–75, 000. Tony Bunting Michael Kerrigan.
Panipat movie near me. Panipat trailer reaction. Arjritis jodi is cute in this movie sadashivrao and parvatibai rocks panipat. (pä`nēpət) town (1991 pop. 191, 212) Haryana state, NW India, on the Western Yamuna Canal. It has saltpeter refining plants and manufactures electrical appliances, bricks, glass, and textiles. On a plain astride the easiest route from Afghanistan to central India, Panipat has seen several great battles. In 1526, Babur Babur [Turk. lion] 1483–1530, founder of the Mughal empire of India. His full name was Zahir ud-Din Muhammad. A descendant of Timur (Tamerlane) and of Jenghiz Khan, he succeeded (1494) to the principality of Fergana in central Asia. Click the link for more information. defeated the Delhi Sultanate Delhi Sultanate, refers to the various Muslim dynasties that ruled in India (1210–1526. It was founded after Muhammad of Ghor defeated Prithvi Raj and captured Delhi in 1192. there, thus paving the way for the formation of the Mughal Mughal or Mogul, Muslim empire in India, 1526–1857. The dynasty was founded by Babur, a Turkic chieftain who had his base in Afghanistan. Babur's invasion of India culminated in the battle of Panipat (1526) and the occupation of Delhi and Agra. empire. In 1556, Akbar Akbar, 1542–1605, Mughal emperor of India (1556–1605) son of Humayun, grandson of Babur. He succeeded to the throne under a regent, Bairam Khan, who rendered loyal service in expanding and consolidating the Mughal domains before he was summarily dismissed (1560) by. defeated the Afghans at Panipat and thus secured Mughal rule. In 1761, Panipat was the site of an Afghan victory over the Marathas Marathas or Mahrattas, Marathi-speaking people of W central India, known for their ability as warriors and their devotion to Hinduism. From their homeland in Maharashtra their chieftains rose to power in the 17th cent. Click the link for more information...
ChOtiya ko lund ka pata nhe. 2020 TripAdvisor LLC All rights reserved. Terms of Use, Privacy Policy, Site Map, How the site works * TripAdvisor LLC is not a booking agent and does not charge any service fees to users of our site. more) TripAdvisor LLC is not responsible for content on external web sites. Taxes, fees not included for deals content. Ameeen summa ameen. Panipat full movie hindi. How can this bhaalu compare himself with the great Padmashree awardee Virat Kohli. Panipat near me. YouTube. Panipat wars. Whoa! Something is not right. Please refresh the page and try again Refresh Whoa! Something is not right. Welcome back, Your tickets are waiting to be Booked! Check availability for Home Delivery Check Home Delivery available for. Change YOU CAN ALSO Pickup at Box Office Please fill in the Delivery Address First Name * First Name appears to be empty or incorrect Last Name * Last Name appears to be empty or incorrect Address Line 1 * Address Line 1 appears to be empty or incorrect Address Line 2 * Address Line 2 appears to be empty or incorrect Landmark * Landmark appears to be empty or incorrect Delivery Location * Home Office Please select appropriate options 5 21281 4 11384 3 7785 2 2733 1 3962 3. 8 USERS RATING TRENDING STORIES See More SYNOPSIS Panipat is set in 1761, when the Maratha Empire had reached its zenith and their grip on Hindustan reigned supreme with no one to challenge them. Until an invader set his eyes on the throne of Hindustan. That`s when Sadashiv Rao Bhau (Arjun Kapoor) the Commander-in-Chief of the Maratha army led a northern expedition in order to repel the invading forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali (Sanjay Dutt) the king of Afghanistan. This action-drama entailing the events that led to the Third Battle of Panipat, stars Sanjay Dutt, Arjun Kapoor and Kriti Sanon. It is produced by Sunita Gowariker under their banner of AGPPL along with Rohit Shelatkar`s company Vision World and is directed by Ashutosh Gowariker. Report Content Online Tickets → Movie Tickets Latest Movies Panipat.
How to watch and download it for free. वीर तान्हाजी जय शिवाजी जय शंभू राजे जय महाराष्ट्र 🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏🙏. Panipat war 1. O bhai film to pit gai😂😂😂🤣ye sala apne interview me bola log meri bat sunte hain or phir dekhne hate hain jese ksi chotiye ko nai manta koi log bus contant acha mangte hain. Panipat battle. Panipat public review. Panipat film. Panipat movie release date. Panipat movie public reaction. Also found in: Thesaurus, Encyclopedia, Wikipedia. Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Noun 1. Panipat - battle in which the ruler of Afghanistan defeated the Mahrattas in 1761 Bharat, India, Republic of India - a republic in the Asian subcontinent in southern Asia; second most populous country in the world; achieved independence from the United Kingdom in 1947 References in periodicals archive? Summary: New Delhi (India) May 8 (ANI) Arjun Kapoor has resumed shooting for his upcoming film ' Panipat. Actor Arjun Kapoor is taking horse riding lessons to prep for his upcoming period drama ' Panipat. Summary: New Delhi [India] Jan 14 (ANI) On a day that is particularly important to his upcoming film. Panipat. Bollywood actor Arjun Kapoor rememebered the warriors of The Third Battle of Panipat, which took place on January 14, 1761. Acclaimed designer Neeta Lulla will lend her creativity and expertise to the detailed costumes for Ashutosh Gowariker's period drama Panipat. Summary: New Delhi [India] Nov 30 (ANI) The cast and crew of ' Panipat ' on Friday kick started the shooting of the much-anticipated period drama. According to Haryana Chief Parliamentary Secretary Sharda Rathore the feasibility survey has been completed by Delhi Integrated Multi Modal Transit System (DIMTS) for linking the historic Panipat city with Delhi via Sonepat. Summary: New Delhi [India] July 20(ANI) Music directors Ajay Gogavale and Atul Gogavale, popularly known as Ajay-Atul are set to compose music for Ashutosh Gowariker's upcoming directorial Panipat.
Panipat reaction. Panipat court. Panipat movie download. Loved it. Panipat showtimes. आज का राशिफल पाएं अपना तीनों तरह का राशिफल, रोजाना Male Female Others मेष वृष मिथुन कर्क सिंह कन्या तुला वृश्चिक धनु मकर कुंभ मीन क्लिक करें. Love you bro, god bless you. Main Maharashtra ka hu to hum to Shiv shahi me se hai 💪💪 Jay shivrai Jay Maharashtra. Panipat trailer 2019. PANIPAT is set in 1761, when the Maratha Empire had reached its zenith and their grip on Hindostan reigned supreme with no-one to challenge them until an invader set his eyes on the throne of Hindostan. Thatas when Sadashiv Rao Bhau (Arjun Kapoor) the Commander-in-Chief of the Maratha army led a northern expedition in order to repel the invading forces of Ahmad Shah Abdali (Sanjay Dutt) the King of Afghanistan. This War epic entails the events that led to the Third Battle of Panipat. 2 hr 51 min NR Dec 6, 2019 Action More Trailers and Videos for Panipat Cast & Crew ARJUN KAPOOR Actor KRITI SANON Actor SANJAY DUTT Actor ZEENAT AMAN Actor SUHASINI MULEY Actor PADMINI KOLHAPURE Actor Cast & Crew photos provided by TMDb.
Latest Updates: News, Daily, Weekend, All Time, International, Showdowns Help by IMDbPro - an IMDb company., Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Box Office Mojo and IMDb are trademarks or registered trademarks of, Inc. or its affiliates. Conditions of Use and Privacy Policy under which this service is provided to you. Panipat official trailer. Learn more More Like This Comedy, Drama 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7. 6 / 10 X Two couples with the same surnames pursue in-vitro fertilization and wait for their upcoming babies. Trouble ensues when they find that the sperms of each couple have been mixed with each other. Director: Raj Mehta Stars: Akshay Kumar, Kareena Kapoor, Diljit Dosanjh Romance 6 / 10 Chintu Tyagi is an ordinary, middle class man who finds himself torn between his wife and another woman. Mudassar Aziz Kartik Aaryan, Bhumi Pednekar, Ananya Panday Action Biography 8. 4 / 10 Tanhaji Malusare, a military chieftain in the army of the Maratha king Shivaji, leads the charge to capture the strategically important Kondhana fort guarded by the army of the fierce Rajput chieftain Udaybhan Rathod. Om Raut Ajay Devgn, Saif Ali Khan, Kajol 4 / 10 A coming-of-age story based on the lives of street dancers. Remo D'Souza Varun Dhawan, Shraddha Kapoor, Prabhu Deva Crime 7. 7 / 10 Shivani Shivaji Roy is back and this time she's on the trail of a 21 year old merciless villain who targets women. Gopi Puthran Rani Mukerji, Vishal Jethwa, Shruti Bapna Thriller Karan goes to London to stop a terrorist attack on India. Aditya Datt Vidyut Jammwal, Adah Sharma, Gulshan Devaiah Mystery 6. 4 / 10 When the body of a powerful businesswoman disappears from the morgue, the inspector in charge hunts for the truth. But when he questions her husband he realizes that there is much more to the case than meets the eye. Jeethu Joseph Emraan Hashmi, Rishi Kapoor, Sobhita Dhulipala 3. 7 / 10 Chulbul Pandey encounters an enemy from his past, and his origin story as the fearless cop unfolds. Salman Khan, Sudeep, Sonakshi Sinha Panga is inspired from the life of a national level Kabbadi player from India. It follows her triumphs, struggle and overcoming of stereotypes. It shows how important the love and support of your family is for you to be successful. Ashwiny Iyer Tiwari Kangana Ranaut, Jassie Gill, Richa Chadha 6. 5 / 10 An Indian soldier chases after his mentor who has gone rogue after an unexpected kill. Siddharth Anand Hrithik Roshan, Tiger Shroff, Vaani Kapoor 7. 5 / 10 It tells the story of a man who is balding prematurely and how he copes up with the situation. Amar Kaushik Ayushmann Khurrana, Yami Gautam 7. 3 / 10 In an 18th century setting, a Naga sadhu in India sets out on a journey across Bundelkhand to seek revenge for an injustice committed in the past. Navdeep Singh Zoya Hussain, Manav Vij Edit Storyline The film is based on the third battle of Panipat which took place on the 14 of January in 1761 between the Marathas and the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Abdali. Plot Summary Add Synopsis Details Release Date: 6 December 2019 (India) See more » Box Office Opening Weekend USA: 295, 624, 8 December 2019 Cumulative Worldwide Gross: 3, 349, 899 See more on IMDbPro » Company Credits Technical Specs See full technical specs » Did You Know? Trivia Ashutosh Gowariker and Sanjay Dutt had acted together in Naam 1986 where Ashutosh Gowariker had a small role of taxi driver. See more » Alternate Versions Before the theatrical release in India, the film received cuts in order to receive a U/A classification. These included muting/replacing of profanity and some dialogues, deletion of extreme violence and modification/addition of some disclaimers. See more » Check out the Indian movies with the highest ratings from IMDb users, as well as the movies that are trending in real time.
Went to movie, thinking Arjun would be biggest disappointment. But disappointment was the direction and lack of story telling. Focus was on showing big canvases rather than building character. Stay for the fight at end, might enjoy it. Kriti was good. Sanjay Dutt disappointments. Welcome two floped, n now welcome 3🤦♂️, n bhule bulaya is done by kartik aryan. plzz bring akshay kumar sir back.
Panipat movie trailer.
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(Panipat movie watch online free 123movies) Watch Online Thehollywoodgossip. Panipat india. Ankara sounds so weird in english Hello from slovenia NOT SLOVAKIA. Panipat ki ladai. Panipat movie full movie. Date 14 January 1761 Location Panipat (in present-day Haryana, India) 2923′24″N 7658′12″E. 29. 39N 76. 97E Result Afghan victory [1] Territorial changes Marathas lost suzerainty over Punjab till north of Sutlej river to the Afghans. Ahmad Shah Durrani vacates Delhi soon after the battle. Maratha expansion checked for the time being. Belligerents Maratha Empire Commanders and leaders Sadashivrao Bhau (commander-in-chief of Maratha Army) Vishwasrao Malharrao Holkar Mahadji Shinde Ibrahim Khan Gardi Jankoji Shinde Shamsher Bahadur Yashwant Rao Puar(Pawar) Infantry & Cavalry. Arvandekar Sidoji Gharge Strength 40, 000 cavalry 30, 000 infantry 10, 000 reserves 4, 000 personal guards 5, 000 Qizilbash 120–130 pieces of cannon large numbers of irregulars totally an army of 100, 000. 20, 000 cavalry 15, 000 infantry (divided to 9 battalions of Gardi rifle infantry) 15, 000 Pindaris 200 pieces of artillery. The force was accompanied by 200, 000 non-combatants (pilgrims and camp-followers) totally an army of 50, 000 [3] and 200, 000 non combatants. [4] Casualties and losses Approximately 40, 000-45, 000 combatants killed. [5] 6] 7] Estimates around 30, 000-40, 000 combatants killed in the battle. [8] Another 40, 000–70, 000 non-combatants massacred following the battle. [6] 7] The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 at Panipat, about 60 miles (97 km) north of Delhi, between a northern expeditionary force of the Maratha Empire and invading forces of the King of Afghanistan, Ahmad Shah Abdali, supported by two Indian allies—the Rohillas Najib-ud-daulah, Afghans of the Doab region and Shuja-ud-Daula -the Nawab of Awadh. Militarily, the battle pitted the artillery and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry and mounted artillery ( zamburak and jezail) of the Afghans and Rohillas led by Abdali and Najib-ud-Daulah, both ethnic Afghans. The battle is considered one of the largest and most eventful fought in the 18th century, 9. page needed] and has perhaps the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies. The specific site of the battle itself is disputed by historians, but most consider it to have occurred somewhere near modern-day Kaalaa Aamb and Sanauli Road. The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125, 000 troops. Protracted skirmishes occurred, with losses and gains on both sides. The forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious after destroying several Maratha flanks. The extent of the losses on both sides is heavily disputed by historians, but it is believed that between 60, 000–70, 000 were killed in fighting, while the numbers of injured and prisoners taken vary considerably. According to the single best eyewitness chronicle—the bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daulah's Diwan Kashi Raj—about 40, 000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle. [7] Grant Duff includes an interview of a survivor of these massacres in his History of the Marathas and generally corroborates this number. Shejwalkar, whose monograph Panipat 1761 is often regarded as the single best secondary source on the battle, says that "not less than 100, 000 Marathas (soldiers and non-combatants) perished during and after the battle. 6] The result of the battle was the halting of further Maratha advances in the north, and destabilization of their territories, for roughly ten years. This period is marked by the rule of Peshwa Madhavrao, who is credited with the revival of Maratha domination following the defeat at Panipat. In 1771, ten years after Panipat, he sent a large Maratha army into northern India in an expedition that was meant to re-establish Maratha domination in that area and punish refractory powers that had either sided with the Afghans, such as the Rohillas, or had shaken off Maratha domination after Panipat. [10] But their success was short lived. Crippled by Madhavrao untimely death at the age of 28, infighting ensued among Maratha chiefs soon after, and they ultimately met their final blow at the hands of the British in 1818. [11] Background Edit Decline of the Mughal Empire Edit Extent of the Maratha Empire, 1795 The decline of the Mughal Empire following the 27-year Mughal-Maratha war (1680–1707) led to rapid territorial gains for the Maratha Empire. Under Peshwa Baji Rao, Gujarat, Malwa and Rajputana came under Maratha control. Finally, in 1737, Baji Rao defeated the Mughals on the outskirts of Delhi and brought much of the former Mughal territories south of Delhi under Maratha control. Baji Rao's son Balaji Baji Rao further increased the territory under Maratha control by invading Punjab in 1758. Raghunathrao's letter to the Peshwa, 4 May 1758 [12] “ Lahore, Multan, Kashmir and other subahs on this side of Attock are under our rule for the most part, and places which have not come under our rule we shall soon bring under us. Ahmad Shah Durrani's son Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan have been pursued by our troops, and their troops completely looted. Both of them have now reached Peshawar with a few broken troops. So Ahmad Shah Durrani has returned to Kandahar with some 12-14 thousand broken troops... Thus all have risen against Ahmad who has lost control over the region. We have decided to extend our rule up to Kandahar. ” This brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali (also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani. In 1759 he raised an army from the Pashtun and Baloch tribes and made several gains against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Punjab. He then joined with his Indian allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Gangetic Doab—forming a broad coalition against the Marathas. The Marathas, under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau, responded by gathering an army of between 45, 000–60, 000, which was accompanied by roughly 200, 000 non-combatants, a number of whom were pilgrims desirous of making pilgrimages to Hindu holy sites in northern India. The Marathas started their northward journey from Patdur on 14 March 1760. Both sides tried to get the Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daulah, into their camp. By late July Shuja-ud-Daulah made the decision to join the Afghan-Rohilla coalition, preferring to join what was perceived as the "army of Islam. This was strategically a major loss for the Marathas, since Shuja provided much-needed finances for the long Afghan stay in North India. It is doubtful whether the Afghan-Rohilla coalition would have the means to continue their conflict with the Marathas without Shuja's support. citation needed] Rise of the Marathas Edit Grant Duff, describing the Maratha army: 13] The lofty and spacious tents, lined with silks and broadcloths, were surmounted by large gilded ornaments, conspicuous at a distance. Vast numbers of elephants, flags of all descriptions, the finest horses, magnificently caparisoned. seemed to be collected from every quarter. it was an imitation of the more becoming and tasteful array of the Mughuls in the zenith of their glory. The Marathas had gained control of a considerable part of India in the intervening period (1707–1757. In 1758 they occupied Delhi, captured Lahore and drove out Timur Shah Durrani, 14] the son and viceroy of the Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Abdali. This was the high-water mark of the Maratha expansion, where the boundaries of their empire extended in the north to the Indus and the Himalayas, and in the south nearly to the extremity of the peninsula. This territory was ruled through the Peshwa, who talked of placing his son Vishwasrao on the Mughal throne. However, Delhi still remained under the nominal control of Mughals, key Muslim intellectuals including Shah Waliullah and other Muslim clergy in India who were alarmed at these developments. In desperation they appealed to Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan, to halt the threat. [15] Sadashivrao Bhau Engraving of a Maratha soldier by James Forbes. Afghan royal soldiers of the Durrani Empire. Prelude Edit Ahmad Shah Durrani ( Ahmad Shah Abdali) angered by the news from his son and his allies, was unwilling to allow the Marathas' spread go unchecked. By the end of 1759 Abdali with his Afghan tribes and his Rohilla ally Najib Khan had reached Lahore as well as Delhi and defeated the smaller enemy garrisons. Ahmed Shah, at this point, withdrew his army to Anupshahr, on the frontier of the Rohilla country, where he successfully convinced the Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula to join his alliance against the Marathas. The Marathas had earlier helped Safdarjung (father of Shuja) in defeating Rohillas in Farrukhabad. [10] The Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau (referred to as the Bhau or Bhao in sources) responded to the news of the Afghans' return to North India by raising an army, and they marched North. Bhau's force was bolstered by some Maratha forces under Holkar, Scindia, Gaikwad and Govind Pant Bundele. Suraj Mal (the Jat ruler of Bharatpur) also had joined Bhausaheb initially. This combined army captured the Mughal capital, Delhi, from an Afghan garrison in December 1759. [16] Delhi had been reduced to ashes many times due to previous invasions, and in addition there being acute shortage of supplies in the Maratha camp. Bhau ordered the sacking of the already depopulated city. [17] He is said to have planned to place his nephew and the Peshwa's son, Vishwasrao, on the Mughal throne. The Jats did not support the Marathas. Their withdrawal from the ensuing battle was to play a crucial role in its result. Abdali drew first blood by attacking a small Maratha army led by Dattaji Shinde at Burari Ghat. Dattaji was killed in the battle. [10] Initial Skirmishes Edit With both sides poised for battle, there followed much maneuvering, with skirmishes between the two armies fought at Karnal and Kunjpura. Kunjpura, on the banks of the Yamuna river 60 miles to the north of Delhi, was stormed by the Marathas and the whole Afghan garrison was killed or enslaved. [18] Marathas achieved a rather easy victory at Kunjpura against an army of 15, 000 Afghans posted there. Some of Abadali's best generals were killed. Ahmad Shah was encamped on the left bank of the Yamuna River, which was swollen by rains, and was powerless to aid the garrison. The massacre of the Kunjpura garrison, within sight of the Durrani camp, exasperated Abdali to such an extent that he ordered crossing of the river at all costs. [19] Ahmed Shah and his allies on 17 October 1760, broke up from Shahdara, marching south. Taking a calculated risk, Abdali plunged into the river, followed by his bodyguards and troops. Between 23 and 25 October they were able to cross at Baghpat (a small town about 24 miles up the river) unopposed by the Marathas who were still preoccupied with the sacking of Kunjpura. [20] To counter this Raghunathrao was supposed to go north to handle the situation. Raghunathrao asked for large amount and an army, which was denied by Sadashivrao Bhau, his cousin and Diwan of Peshwa, so he declined to go. Sadashivrao Bhau was there upon made commander in chief of the Maratha Army, under whom the Battle of Panipat was fought. [21] After the Marathas failed to prevent Abdali's forces from crossing the Yamuna River, they set up defensive works in the ground near Panipat, thereby blocking his access back to Afghanistan, just as Abdali's forces blocked theirs to the south. However, on the afternoon of 26 October, Ahmad Shah's advance guard reached Sambalka, about halfway between Sonepat and Panipat, where they encountered the vanguard of the Marathas. A fierce skirmish ensued, in which the Afghans lost 1000 men but drove the Marathas back to their main body, which kept retreating slowly for several days. This led to the partial encirclement of the Maratha army. In skirmishes that followed, Govind Pant Bundele, with 10, 000 light cavalry who weren't formally trained soldiers, was on a foraging mission with about 500 men. They were surprised by an Afghan force near Meerut, and in the ensuing fight, Bundele was killed. This was followed by the loss of a contingent of 2, 000 Maratha soldiers who had left Delhi to deliver money and rations to Panipat. This completed the encirclement, as Ahmad Shah had cut off the Maratha army's supply lines. [22] With supplies and stores dwindling, tensions started rising in the Maratha camp. Initially the Marathas had moved in almost 150 pieces of modern long-range, French-made artillery. With a range of several kilometres, these guns were some of the best of the time. The Marathas' plan was to lure the Afghan army to confront them while they had close artillery support. [23] Preliminary moves Edit During the next two months of the siege, constant skirmishes and duels took place between units from either side. In one of these Najib lost 3, 000 of his Rohillas and nearly killed himself. Facing a potential stalemate, Abdali decided to seek terms, which Bhau was willing to consider. However, Najib Khan delayed any chance of an agreement with an appeal on religious grounds and sowed doubt about whether the Marathas would honour any agreement. [24] After the Marathas moved from Kunjpura to Panipat, Diler Khan Marwat, with his father Alam Khan Marwat and a force of 2500 Pashtuns, attacked and took control of Kunjpura, where there was a Maratha garrison of 700–800 soldiers. At that time Atai Khan Baluch, son of the Wazir of Abdali, came from Afghanistan with 10, 000 cavalry and cut off the supplies to the Marathas. [10] The Marathas at Panipat were surrounded by Abdali in the south, Pashtun Tribes (Yousuf Zai, Afridi, Khattak) in the east, Shuja, Atai Khan and others in the north and other Pashtun tribes (Gandapur, Marwat, Durranis and Kakars) in the west. [10] Unable to continue without supplies or wait for reinforcements any longer, Bhau decided to break the siege. His plan was to pulverise the enemy formations with cannon fire and not to employ his cavalry until the Afghans were thoroughly softened up. With the Afghans broken, he would move camp in a defensive formation towards Delhi, where they were assured supplies. [10] Formations Edit With the Maratha chiefs pressurizing Sadashiv Rao Bhau, to go to battle rather than perish by starvation, on 13 January, the Marathas left their camp before dawn and marched south towards the Afghan camp in a desperate attempt to break the siege. The two armies came face-to-face around 8:00 a. m. [10] The Maratha lines began a little to the north of Kala Amb. They had thus blocked the northward path of Abdali's troops and at the same time were blocked from heading south—in the direction of Delhi, where they could get badly needed supplies—by those same troops. Bhau, with the Peshwa's son and the royal guard (Huzurat) was in the centre. The left wing consisted of the Gardis under Ibrahim Khan. Holkar and Sindhia were on the extreme right. [25] The Maratha line was formed up some 12 km across, with the artillery in front, protected by infantry, pikemen, musketeers and bowmen. The cavalry was instructed to wait behind the artillery and bayonet-wielding musketeers, ready to be thrown in when control of the battlefield had been fully established. Behind this line was another ring of 30, 000 young Maratha soldiers who were not battle-tested, and then the civilians. Many were ordinary men, women and children on their pilgrimage to Hindu holy places and shrines. Behind the civilians was yet another protective infantry line, of young, inexperienced soldiers. [10] On the other side the Afghans formed a somewhat similar line, a few metres to the south of today's Sanauli Road. Their left was being formed by Najib and their right by two brigades of troops. Their left centre was led by two Viziers, Shuja-ud-daulah with 3, 000 soldiers and 50–60 cannons and Ahmad Shah's Vizier Shah Wali with a choice body of 19, 000 mailed Afghan horsemen. [26] The right centre consisted of 15, 000 Rohillas under Hafiz Rahmat and other chiefs of the Rohilla Pathans. Pasand Khan covered the left wing with 5, 000 cavalry, Barkurdar Khan and Amir Beg covered the right with 3, 000 Rohilla cavalry. Long-range musketeers were also present during the battle. In this order the army of Ahmed Shah moved forward, leaving him at his preferred post in the centre, which was now in the rear of the line, from where he could watch and direct the battle. [10] Battle Edit Early phases Edit Before dawn on 14 January 1761, the Maratha troops broke their fast with the last remaining grain in the camp and prepared for combat. They emerged from the trenches, pushing the artillery into position on their prearranged lines, some 2 km from the Afghans. Seeing that the battle was on, Ahmad Shah positioned his 60 smooth-bore cannon and opened fire. [10] The initial attack was led by the Maratha left flank under Ibrahim Khan, who advanced his infantry in formation against the Rohillas and Shah Pasand Khan. The first salvos from the Maratha artillery went over the Afghans' heads and did very little damage. Nevertheless, the first Afghan attack by Najib Khan's Rohillas broken by Maratha bowmen and pikemen, along with a unit of the famed Gardi musketeers stationed close to the artillery positions. The second and subsequent salvos were fired at point-blank range into the Afghan ranks. The resulting carnage sent the Rohillas reeling back to their lines, leaving the battlefield in the hands of Ibrahim for the next three hours, during which the 8, 000 Gardi musketeers killed about 12, 000 Rohillas. [10] In the second phase, Bhau himself led the charge against the left-of-center Afghan forces, under the Afghan Vizier Shah Wali Khan. The sheer force of the attack nearly broke the Afghan lines, and the Afghan soldiers started to desert their positions in the confusion. Desperately trying to rally his forces, Shah Wali appealed to Shuja ud Daulah for assistance. However, the Nawab did not break from his position, effectively splitting the Afghan force's center. Despite Bhau's success, the over-enthusiasm of the charge, the attack didn't achieve complete success as many of the half-starved Maratha mounts were exhausted. [10] Final phase Edit The Marathas, under Scindia, attacked Najib. Najib successfully fought a defensive action, however, keeping Scindia's forces at bay. By noon it looked as though Bhau would clinch victory for the Marathas once again. The Afghan left flank still held its own, but the centre was cut in two and the right was almost destroyed. Ahmad Shah had watched the fortunes of the battle from his tent, guarded by the still unbroken forces on his left. He sent his bodyguards to call up his 15, 000 reserve troops from his camp and arranged them as a column in front of his cavalry of musketeers ( Qizilbash) and 2, 000 swivel-mounted shutarnaals or Ushtranaal—cannons—on the backs of camels. [27. page needed] The shaturnals, because of their positioning on camels, could fire an extensive salvo over the heads of their own infantry, at the Maratha cavalry. The Maratha cavalry was unable to withstand the muskets and camel-mounted swivel cannons of the Afghans. They could be fired without the rider having to dismount and were especially effective against fast-moving cavalry. Abdali therefore, sent 500 of his own bodyguards with orders to raise all able-bodied men out of camp and send them to the front. He sent 1, 500 more to punish the front-line troops who attempted to flee the battle and kill without mercy any soldier who would not return to the fight. These extra troops, along with 4, 000 of his reserve troops, went to support the broken ranks of the Rohillas on the right. The remainder of the reserve, 10, 000 strong, were sent to the aid of Shah Wali, still labouring unequally against the Bhau in the centre of the field. These mailed warriors were to charge with the Vizier in close order and at full gallop. Whenever they charged the enemy in front, the chief of the staff and Najib were directed to fall upon either flank. [10] With their own men in the firing line, the Maratha artillery could not respond to the shathurnals and the cavalry charge. Some 7, 000 Maratha cavalry and infantry were killed before the hand-to-hand fighting began at around 14:00 hrs. By 16:00 hrs, the tired Maratha infantry began to succumb to the onslaught of attacks from fresh Afghan reserves, protected by armoured leather jackets. [10] Outflanked Edit Sadashivrao Bhau who had not kept any reserves, seeing his forward lines dwindling, civilians behind and upon seeing Vishwasrao disappear in the midst of the fighting, felt he had no choice but to come down from his elephant and lead the battle. [14] Taking advantage of this, some Afghan soldiers who had been captured by the Marathas earlier during the siege of Kunjpura revolted. The slaves deliberately spread rumours about the defeat of the Marathas. This brought confusion and great consternation to the Maratha soldiers, who thought that the enemy had attacked from the rear. Some Maratha troops, seeing that their general had disappeared from his elephant, panicked and began to flee. [10] Abdali had given a part of his army the task of surrounding and killing the Gardis, who were at the leftmost part of the Maratha army. Bhausaheb had ordered Vitthal Vinchurkar (with 1500 cavalry) and Damaji Gaikwad (with 2500 cavalry) to protect the Gardis. However, after seeing the Gardis fight, they lost their patience and decided to fight the Rohillas themselves. Thus, they broke their position and went all out on the Rohillas. The Rohilla riflemen started accurately firing at the Maratha cavalry, which was equipped only with swords. This gave the Rohillas the opportunity to encircle the Gardis and outflank the Maratha centre while Shah Wali pressed on attacking the front. Thus the Gardis were left defenseless and started falling one by one. [10] Vishwasrao had already been killed by a shot to the head. Bhau and his royal Guard fought till the end, the Maratha leader having three horses shot out from under him. At this stage, Holkar, realising the battle was lost, broke from the Maratha left flank and retreated. [28] The Maratha front lines remained largely intact, with some of their artillery units fighting until sunset. Choosing not to launch a night attack, many Maratha troops escaped that night. Bhau's wife Parvatibai, who was assisting in the administration of the Maratha camp, escaped to Pune with her bodyguard, Janu Bhintada. Some 15, 000 soldiers managed to reach Gwalior. [14] Reasons for the outcome Edit Durrani had both numeric as well as qualitative superiority over Marathas. The combined Afghan army was much larger than that of Marathas. Though the infantry of Marathas was organized along European lines and their army had some of the best French-made guns of the time, their artillery was static and lacked mobility against the fast-moving Afghan forces. The heavy mounted artillery of Afghans proved much better in the battlefield than the light artillery of Marathas. [29. page needed] None of the other Hindu Kings joined forces to fight Abdali. Allies of Abdali, namely, Najib, Shuja and the Rohillas knew North India very well. He was also diplomatic, striking agreements with Hindu leaders, especially the Jats and Rajputs, and former rivals like the Nawab of Awadh, appealing to him in the name of religion. [10] Moreover, the senior Maratha chiefs constantly bickered with one another. Each had ambitions of carving out their independent states and had no interest in fighting against a common enemy. [30] Some of them did not support the idea of a round battle and wanted to fight using guerilla tactics instead of charging the enemy head-on. citation needed] The Marathas were fighting alone at a place which was 1000 miles away from their capital Pune. [31] Raghunathrao was supposed to go north to handle the situation. [21] Sadashivrao Bhau was there upon made commander in chief of the Maratha Army, under whom the Battle of Panipat was fought. Peshwa's decision to appoint Sadashivrao Bhau as the Supreme Commander instead of Malharrao Holkar or Raghunathrao proved to be an unfortunate one, as Sadashivrao was totally ignorant of the political and military situation in North India. [32] If Holkar had remained in the battlefield, the Maratha defeat would have been delayed but not averted. Ahmad Shah's superiority in pitched battle could have been negated if the Marathas had conducted their traditional ganimi kava, or guerrilla warfare, as advised by Malharrao Holkar, in Punjab and in north India. Abdali was in no position to maintain his field army in India indefinitely. [33] Massacres after the battle Edit The Afghan cavalry and pikemen ran wild through the streets of Panipat, killing tens of thousands of Maratha soldiers and civilians. [6] 7] The women and children seeking refuge in streets of Panipat were hounded back in Afghan camps as slaves. Children over 14 were beheaded before their own mothers and sisters. Afghan officers who had lost their kin in battle were permitted to carry out massacres of 'infidel' Hindus the next day also, in Panipat and the surrounding area. [34] They arranged victory mounds of severed heads outside their camps. According to the single best eyewitness chronicle – the bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daula 's Diwan Kashi Raj – about 40, 000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle. [6] 7] According to Hamilton, a reporter of the Bombay Gazette about half a million Marathi people were present there in Panipat town and he gives a figure of 40, 000 prisoners as executed by Afghans. citation needed] Many of the fleeing Maratha women jumped into the Panipat wells rather than risk rape and dishonour. [34] All of the prisoners were transported on bullock carts, camels and elephants in bamboo cages. [34] Siyar-ut-Mutakhirin says: 34. full citation needed] The unhappy prisoners were paraded in long lines, given a little parched grain and a drink of water, and beheaded. and the women and children who survived were driven off as slaves – twenty-two thousand, many of them of the highest rank in the land. Aftermath Edit Mahadaji Shinde restored the Maratha domination on northern India, within a decade after the war. The bodies of Vishwasrao and Bhau were recovered by the Marathas and were cremated according to their custom. [35] Bhau's wife Parvatibai was saved by Holkar, per the directions of Bhau, and eventually returned to Pune. Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, uninformed about the state of his army, was crossing the Narmada with reinforcements when he heard of the defeat. He returned to Pune and never recovered from the shock of the debacle at Panipat. [14] Jankoji Scindia was taken prisoner and executed at the instigation of Najib. Ibrahim Khan Gardi was tortured and executed by enraged Afghan soldiers. [35] The Marathas never fully recovered from the loss at Panipat, but they remained the predominant military power in India and managed to retake Delhi 10 years later. However, their claim over all of India ended with the three Anglo-Maratha Wars, almost 50 years after Panipat, in the early 1800s. [36] The Jats under Suraj Mal benefited significantly from not participating in the Battle of Panipat. They provided considerable assistance to the Maratha soldiers and civilians who escaped the fighting. Suraj Mal himself was killed in battle against Najib-ud-Daula in 1763. Suraj Mal died on 25 December 1763 fighting the Rohillas under Najib, the very people against whom he could have helped the Marathas. citation needed] Ahmad Shah's victory left him, in the short term, the undisputed master of North India. However, his alliance quickly unravelled amidst squabbles between his generals and other princes, the increasing restlessness of his soldiers over pay, the increasing Indian heat and arrival of the news that Marathas had organised another 100, 000 men in the south to avenge their loss and rescue captured prisoners. citation needed] Though Abdali won the battle, he also had heavy casualties on his side and sought peace with the Marathas. Abdali sent a letter to Nanasaheb Peshwa (who was moving towards Delhi, albeit at a very slow pace to join Bhau against Abdali) appealing to the Peshwa that he was not the one who attacked Bhau and was just defending himself. Abdali wrote in his letter to Peshwa on 10 February 1761: 37] There is no reason to have animosity amongst us. Your son Vishwasrao and your brother Sadashivrao died in battle, was unfortunate. Bhau started the battle, so I had to fight back unwillingly. Yet I feel sorry for his death. Please continue your guardianship of Delhi as before, to that I have no opposition. Only let Punjab until Sutlaj remain with us. Reinstate Shah Alam on Delhi's throne as you did before and let there be peace and friendship between us, this is my ardent desire. Grant me that desire. These circumstances forced Abdali to leave India at the earliest. Before departing, he ordered the Indian chiefs, through a Royal Firman (order) including Clive of India) to recognise Shah Alam II as Emperor. [38] Ahmad Shah also appointed Najib-ud-Daula as ostensible regent to the Mughal Emperor. In addition, Najib and Munir-ud-daulah agreed to pay to Abdali, on behalf of the Mughal king, an annual tribute of four million rupees. [38] This was to be Ahmad Shah's final major expedition to North India, as he became increasingly preoccupied with the rebellions by the Sikhs. [39. page needed] Shah Shuja was to regret his decision to join the Afghan forces. In time his forces became embroiled in clashes between the orthodox Sunni Afghans and his own Shia followers. He is alleged to have later secretly sent letters to Bhausaheb through his spies regretting his decision to join Abdali. citation needed] After the Battle of Panipat the services of the Rohillas were rewarded by grants of Shikohabad to Nawab Faiz-ullah Khan and of Jalesar and Firozabad to Nawab Sadullah Khan. Najib Khan proved to be an effective ruler. However, after his death in 1770, the Rohillas were defeated by the British East India Company. citation needed] Najib died on 30 October 1770. [40] Legacy Edit The valour displayed by the Marathas was praised by Ahmad Shah Abdali. [41] The Marathas fought with the greatest valour which was beyond the capacity of other races. These dauntless blood-shedders didn't fall short in fighting and doing glorious deeds. But ultimately we won with our superior tactics and with the grace of the Divine Lord. The Third Battle of Panipat saw an enormous number of deaths and injuries in a single day of battle. It was the last major battle between indigenous South Asian military powers until the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947. To save their kingdom, the Mughals once again changed sides and welcomed the Afghans to Delhi. The Mughals remained in nominal control over small areas of India, but were never a force again. The empire officially ended in 1857 when its last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was accused of being involved in the Sepoy Mutiny and exiled. The Marathas' expansion was delayed due to the battle, and infighting soon broke out within the empire. They recovered their position under the next Peshwa Madhavrao I and by 1771 were back in control of the north, finally occupying Delhi. However, after the death of Madhavrao, due to infighting and increasing pressure from the British, their claims to empire only officially ended in 1818 after three wars with the British. Meanwhile, the Sikhs—whose rebellion was the original reason Ahmad invaded—were left largely untouched by the battle. They soon retook Lahore. When Ahmad Shah returned in March 1764 he was forced to break off his siege after only two weeks due to a rebellion in Afghanistan. He returned again in 1767, but was unable to win any decisive battle. With his own troops complaining about not being paid, he eventually lost the region to the Sikhs, who remained in control until 1849 when it was annexed by the British Empire. The battle was referred to in Rudyard Kipling's poem "With Scindia to Delhi. Our hands and scarfs were saffron-dyed for signal of despair, When we went forth to Paniput to battle with the ~Mlech~ Ere we came back from Paniput and left a kingdom there. It is, however, also remembered as a scene of valour on both sides. Santaji Wagh's corpse was found with over 40 mortal wounds. The bravery of Vishwas Rao, the Peshwa's son, and Sadashiv Bhau was acknowledged even by the Afghans. [42] In popular culture Edit The film Panipat, was announced by director Ashutosh Gowariker. Starring Arjun Kapoor, Sanjay Dutt and Kriti Sanon. It is based on the Third Battle of Panipat. See also Edit First Battle of Panipat Second Battle of Panipat Battle of Sialkot (1761) Battle of Gujranwala (1761) References Edit ↑ Kaushik Roy, India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil, Orient Longman, 2004) 90. ↑ 2. 0 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 2. 5 Roy, Kaushik (2004. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-8-17824-109-8... ↑ Rao, V. Raghavendra. "PANIPAT AND THE NIZAM. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 13 (1950) 204-06... ↑ "Third Battle of Panipat (1761. Panipat, Haryana... ↑ Rao, V. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 13 (1950) 206-08... ↑ 6. 0 6. 1 6. 2 6. 3 6. 4 James Grant Duff "History of the Mahrattas, Vol II (Ch. 5) Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1826" ↑ 7. 0 7. 1 7. 2 7. 3 7. 4 T. S. Shejwalkar, Panipat 1761" in Marathi and English) Deccan College Monograph Series. I., Pune (1946) ↑ Rao, V. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 13 (1950) 206-08. ↑ Black, Jeremy (2002. Warfare In The Eighteenth Century. Cassell. ISBN 978-0304362127. ↑ 10. 00 10. 01 10. 02 10. 03 10. 04 10. 05 10. 06 10. 07 10. 08 10. 09 10. 10 10. 11 10. 12 10. 13 10. 14 10. 15 10. 16 Shejwalkar, Trimbak. Panipat 1761. ISBN 9788174346421. ↑ "Why did the Marathas lose the third battle of Panipat. Quora... ↑ Roy, Kaushik (2004. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-8178241098. ↑ Keene, H. G... The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan. VI. pp. 80–81. ↑ 14. 0 14. 1 14. 2 14. 3 Roy, Kaushik (2004. Permanent Black, India. ISBN 978-8178241098. ↑ Agrawal, Ashvini (1983. Events leading to the Battle of Panipat. Studies in Mughal History. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 26. ISBN 978-8120823266. ↑ Robinson, Howard; James Thomson Shotwell (1922. Mogul Empire. The Development of the British Empire. Houghton Mifflin. p. 91... ↑ Agrawal, Ashvini (1983. 26. ISBN 8120823265. ↑ Also see Syed Altaf Ali Brelvi, Life of Hafiz Rahmat Khan, pp. 108–9... ↑ Lateef, S M. "History of the Punjab" p. 235. ↑ Shejwalkar, Trimbak. ISBN 9788174346421. ↑ 21. 0 21. 1 Raghunathrao ↑ Rawlinson, H. G. (1926. An Account Of The Last Battle of Panipat. Oxford University Press... ↑ Keene, H. (1887. Part I, Chapter VI: The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan... ↑ War Elephants Written by Konstantin Nossov, Illustrated by Peter Dennis Format: Trade Paperback ISBN 978-1-84603-268-4 ↑ Roy, Kaushik. India: Permanent Black. pp. 80–1. ISBN 978-8178241098. ↑ Chandra, Satish (2004. Later Mughals. Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals Part II. Har-Anand. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. ↑ James Rapson, Edward; Wolseley Haig; Richard Burn; Henry Dodwell; Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler (1937. The Cambridge History of India: The Mughul period, planned by W. Haig. 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 448. ↑ "250 years on, Battle of Panipat revisited. 13 January 2011... Retrieved 26 March 2012. ↑ Claude Markovits, A history of modern India, 1480–1950. 207. ↑ Roy, Kaushik (2004. p. 91. ISBN 978-8-17824-109-8... ↑ 34. 0 34. 1 34. 2 34. 3 Rawlinson, H. Cambridge History of India. IV. p. 424 and n. ↑ 35. 0 35. 1 Barua, Pradeep (1994. Military Developments in India, 1750–1850. pp. 599–616. Digital object identifier: 10. 2307/2944270. JSTOR 2944270. ↑ Sarkar, Jadunath (1950. Fall of the Mughal Empire. Longmans. p. 235. ↑ G S Sardesai's Marathi Riyasat, volume 2. "The reference for this letter as given by Sardesai in Riyasat – Peshwe Daftar letters 2. 103, 146; 21. 206; 1. 202, 207, 210, 213; 29, 42, 54, and 39. 161. Satara Daftar – document number 2. 301, Shejwalkar's Panipat, page no. 99. Moropanta's account – 1. 1, 6, 7. ↑ 38. 0 38. 1 Mohsini, Haroon. "Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007... Retrieved 13 August 2007. ↑ MacLeod, John (2002. The History of India. Greenwood Press. ↑ Rule of Shah Alam, 1759–1806 The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 2, p. 411. ↑ "The lost Marathas of third battle of Panipat. India Today. 2012-01-12... Retrieved 2017-04-05. ↑ Rao, S. "Walking the streets of Panipat. Indian Oil News. Archived from the original on 28 April 2008... Retrieved 8 April 2008. Further reading Edit H. Rawlinson, An Account Of The Last Battle of Panipat and of the Events Leading To It, Hesperides Press (2006) ISBN 978-1-4067-2625-1 Vishwas Patil, Panipat – a novel based on the 3rd battle of Panipat, Venus (1990) Uday S. Kulkarni, A Non Fiction book – 'Solstice at Panipat – 14 January 1761' Mula-Mutha Publishers, Pune (2011. ISBN 978-81-921080-0-1 An Authentic Account of the Campaign of Panipat. Third Battle of Panipat by Abhas Verma ISBN 9788180903397 Bharatiya Kala Prakashana External links Edit Panipat War memorial Pictures District Panipat Was late mediaeval India ready for a Revolution in Military Affairs? Part II Airavat Singh Detailed genealogy of the Durrani dynasty Historical maps of India in the 18th century Community content is available under CC-BY-SA unless otherwise noted.
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This article is about the municipality in India. For its namesake district, see Panipat district. For the film, see Panipat (film. Panipat City Raja Hemu Samadhi Sthal Panipat Location in Haryana, India Panipat Panipat (India) Coordinates: 2923′N 7658′E. 29. 39N 76. 97E Coordinates: 2923′N 7658′E. 29. 97E Country India State Haryana District Panipat Elevation 219 m (719 ft) Population (2011) 1] • Total 295, 970 Language • Official Hindi, Punjabi • Regional Haryanvi Time zone UTC+5:30 ( IST) PIN 132103 Telephone code 0180 ISO 3166 code IN-HR Vehicle registration HR-06 (Private Vehicles) HR-67 (Commercial Vehicles) Website Panipat ( pronunciation ( help info. is a historic city in Haryana, India. It is 90 km north of Delhi and 169 km south of Chandigarh on NH -1. The three major battles fought near the city in 1526, 1556 and 1761 were all turning points in Indian history. The city is famous in India as the "City of Weavers" and "Textile City. It is also known as the "cast-off capital" due to being "the global centre for recycling textiles. 2] History [ edit] Panipat district was carved out from the erstwhile Karnal district on 1 November 1989. On 24 July 1991 it was again merged with Karnal district. On 1 January 1992, it again became a separate district. According to the legend, Panipat was one of the five cities (prasthas) founded by the Pandava brothers during the times of the Mahabharata; its historic name was Pandavaprastha ( Sanskrit: पाण्डवप्रस्थ, lit. city of Pandavas) Panipat was the scene of three pivotal battles in Indian history. Panipat is first recorded in the Mahabharata as one of the five villages that the Pandavas demanded from Duryodhana. The five villages are the "panch pat" Panaprastha (now known as Panipat) Suvarnaprastha (now known as Sonipat) Indraprastha (now known as Delhi) Vyaghraprastha became Baghpat (now known as Baghpat) Tilaprastha (now known as Tilpat) The First Battle of Panipat was fought on 21 April 1526 between Ibrahim Lodhi, the Afghan Sultan of Delhi, and the Turko-Mongol warlord Babur, who later established Mughal rule in Northern Indian subcontinent. Babur's force defeated Ibrahim's much larger force of over one lakh (one hundred thousand) soldiers. This first battle of Panipat thus ended the 'Lodi Rule' established by Bahlul Lodhi in Delhi. The Second Battle of Panipat was fought on 5 November 1556 between the forces of Akbar and Hem Chandra Vikramaditya, a Hindu King of Delhi. [3] 4] Hem Chandra, who had captured states like Agra and Delhi defeating Akbar's army and declared himself as independent king after a coronation on 7th Oct. 1556 at Purana Quila in Delhi, had a large army, and initially his forces were winning, but suddenly he was struck by an arrow in the eye and fell unconscious. On not seeing him in his howdah on the back of an elephant, his army fled. Dead Hemu was carried to Akbar's camp where Bairam Khan beheaded him [5] His head was sent to Kabul to be hanged outside Delhi Darwaza, and his torso was hanged outside Purana Quila in Delhi. The place of martyrdom of Raja Hemu is now a famous shrine in Panipat. The Third Battle of Panipat was fought on 14 January 1761 between the Maratha Empire and the Afghan and Baloch invaders. The Maratha Empire was led by Sadashivrao Bhau Peshwa with Dattaji shinde Dattaji and the Afghans were led by Ahmadshah Abdali. The Afghans had a total strength of 110, 000 soldiers, and the Marathas had 75, 000 soldiers and 100, 000 pilgrims. The Maratha soldiers were unable to get food because of non-cooperation of other empires of Hindustan (India and Pakistan were not separated) and this resulted in having to eat the dead in the battle field to survive. Both the sides fought their heart out. The Afghans were supported by Najib-ud-Daula and Shuja-ud-Daula for the supply of food, and the Maratha had pilgrims along with them, who were unable to fight, including female pilgrims. On 14 January, over 100, 000 soldiers died resulting in the victory for the Afghans. A few months after the third battle of Panipat, Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao died of shock. [1] 6] However, after the victory, the Afghans facing a hostile North India, retreated to Afghanistan to avoid casualties. This battle served as a precursor for British Empire to establish Company rule in India as most of North and Northwest Indian princely states were weakened. [7] Geography [ edit] Panipat is located at 2923′N 7658′E. 29. 97E. [8] It has an average elevation of 219 metres (718 feet. Demographics [ edit] As per 2011 census, the city had a population of 294, 292. [1] Panipat's urban agglomeration had a population of 295, 970. The literacy rate was about 83. 9] Landmarks [ edit] Hemu's Samadhi Sthal [ edit] The wounded Hemu was captured by Shah Quli Khan in the Second Battle of Panipat and carried to the Mughal camp at Shodapur on Jind Road at Panipat. [10] According to Badayuni, 11] Bairam Khan asked Akbar to behead Hemu so that he could earn the title of Ghazi. Akbar replied, He is already dead, if he had any strength for a duel, I would have killed him. After Akbar's refusal Hemu's body was denied honour by the Mughal battle tradition and was unceremoniously beheaded by Bairam Khan. Hemu's head was sent to Kabul where it was hung outside the Delhi Darwaza while his body was placed in a gibbet outside Purana Quila in Delhi to terrorise his supporters, who were mainly his subjects, both the Muslims and Hindus. [12] Ibrahim Lodhi's Tomb [ edit] It was one of Sher Shah Suri s dying regrets that he could never fulfill his intention of erecting a tomb to the fallen monarch Ibrahim Lodhi. Much later, in 1866, the British relocated the tomb which was just a simple grave during construction of the Grand Trunk Road and added a platform to it with an inscription highlighting Ibrahim Lodhis death in the Battle of Panipat. [13] 14] 15] Babur's Kabuli Bagh Mosque [ edit] The garden of Kabuli Bagh along with the Kabuli Bagh Mosque and a tank were built by Babur after the First Battle of Panipat to commemorate his victory over Ibrahim Lodhi. Some years later when Humayun defeated Sher Shah Suri near Panipat, he added a masonry Platform to it and called it ‘Chabutra" Fateh Mubarak, bearing the inscription 934 Hijri (1557 CE. These buildings and the garden still exist under the name of Kabuli Bagh called so after Babur's wife – Mussammat Kabuli begum. Kala Amb [ edit] According to tradition, the site 8 km from Panipat and 42 km from Karnal, where Sadashiv Rao Bhau commanded his Maratha forces during the third battle of Panipat was marked by a black Mango Tree (Kala Amb) which has since disappeared. The dark colour of its foliage was probably the origin of the name. The site has a brick Pillar with an iron rod and the structure is surrounded by an iron fence. The site is being developed and beautified by a society presided over by the Governor of Haryana. Panipat Syndrome [ edit] The term ‘Panipat Syndrome‘ has entered the lexicon as the lack of decisive action, preparedness and strategic thinking by Indian leaders thus allowing an invading army to enter well inside their territory, which was based on the defeat of the Marathas by the Afghans at the Third battle of Panipat. It was coined by Air Commodore Jasjit Singh. [16] 17] 18] 19] Connectivity [ edit] National Highway 44 (India) is a major road network that connects Panipat to Grand Trunk road network. [20] Panipat is connected to all major Indian cities via Panipat Junction railway station [21] References [ edit] a b "Panipat City Population Census 2011... ^ Panipat, the global centre for recycling textiles, is fading. The Economist. 7 September 2017. ^ Richards, John F., ed. (1995) 1993. The Mughal Empire. The New Cambridge History of India (7th ed. Cambridge University Press. p. 13. ISBN 9780521566032. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ Kolff, Dirk H. A. (2002. Naukar, Rajput, and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market of Hindustan, 1450-1850. p. 163. ISBN 9780521523059. Retrieved 29 May 2013. ^ Abdul Quadir Badayuni, Muntkhib-ul-Tawarikh, Volume 1, page 6 ^ The Third Battle Of Panipat 1761: 7 Fact Finders. Dastan-e-Hind. Vikramjeet Singh. 6 December 2019. Retrieved 23 January 2020. ^ The third battle of Panipat ^ Maps, Weather, and Airports for Panipat, India... ^ Urban Agglomerations/Cities having population 1 lakh and above" PDF. Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011. Retrieved 26 July 2012. ^ Chandra, Satish (2004. Medieval India: From Sultanate To The Mughals: Part I: Delhi Sultanate (1206-1526. Har-Anand Publications. pp. 91–93. ISBN 9788124110669. Retrieved 17 November 2014. ^ George Bruce Malleson (2001. Akbar and the rise of the Mughal Empire. Genesis Publishing Pvt. Ltd. p. 71. ISBN 9788177551785. ^ Tomb of Ibrahim Lodi. Archived from the original on 14 May 2008. ^ Ibrahim Lodhi's Tomb in Panipat India... ^ The tale of the missing Lodi tomb The Hindu, Jul 04, 2005. ^ "Raja Mandala: Breaking the Panipat syndrome. 4 October 2016. ^ Why India suffers from the Panipat Syndrome. ^ Battle of Panipat commute to Delhi ^ Arrivals at Panipat Junction. indiarailinfo. Retrieved 1 March 2014. External links [ edit] Panipat travel guide from Wikivoyage "Panipat. Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed. 1911. v t e State of Haryana Capital: Chandigarh Topics Outline History Tourism Geography Politics Government Governors Economy Sports Districts and divisions Ambala division Ambala Kurukshetra Panchkula Yamuna Nagar Faridabad division Faridabad Nuh Palwal Gurgaon division Gurgaon Mahendragarh Rewari Hisar division Fatehabad Hisar Jind Sirsa Karnal division Kaithal Karnal Panipat Rohtak division Bhiwani Charkhi Dadri Jhajjar Rohtak Sonipat Major cities Yamunanagar Bahadurgarh Culture Cinema ( List of films, Chandrawal, Jagat Jakhar) Music ( Folk dance, Swang) Haryanvi language { Ahirwati, Bagri, Braj Bhasha, Bangru and Deshwali, Khadar, Loarki, Mewati, Pahari) Power stations and power organisations Places of interest Sarasvati Civilisation (Indus Valley Civilization - IVC) Adi Badri Balu, Haryana Banawali Bhirrana Farmana Jognakhera Kanwari Kunal Lohari Ragho Mitathal Rakhigarhi Siswal Sothi Archaeological National monuments State monuments Baoli (Stepwells)s Kaithal ( Bhai ki Baoli) Fatehabad ( Rania, Sirsa#History"Rania) Gurugram ( Akhara Baoli, Badshahpur Baoli, Dhumaspur Baoli) Meham in Rohtak ( Choron ki Baoli) Narnaul ( Alijaan ki Bawdi) Buddhist and HIndu Sites Buddhist mounds ( Agroha Mound, Sugh Ancient Mound) Buddhist stupas ( Adi Badri, Haryana Haveli Nangal Sirohi Hemu Ki Haveli in Rewari Noor Mahal in Karnal Gurugram: Sikanderpur, Mohammadpur Jharsa, 12 Biswa haveli in Gurgaon gaon, Mahalwala haveli in 8 Biswa of Gurgaon gaon) 1] Forts Asigarh Fort (Hansi) Badhshapur Fort Buria Fort Chhachhrauli Fort Dhosi Hill Fort Fatehabad Fort Farrukhnagar Fort Hisar-e-Firoza Fort Kotla Indor Fort Jind Fort Kaithal Fort Gajpat Singh Fort at Karnal Loharu Fort Madhogarh Fort Mahendragarh Fort Meham Fort Nahar Singh Fort at Ballabhgargh Pinjore Fort Raipur Rani Fort Fort of King Saras of Sirsa Tosham Hill Fort Hills Dhosi Hill near Narnaul Kotla Hill in Mewat Indor Hill in Mewat Madhogarh Hill near Mahendragarh Mahendragarh Hill Morni Hills in Yamuna Nagar Tosham Hill in Bhiwani Caves Chyvan Rishi Cave at Dhosi Hill Tosham Hill Caverns Nar Narayan Cave in Yamuna Nagar Historical Bhima Devi Temple Complex at Pinjore Dhosi Hill Farrukhnagar Kalayat Ancient Bricks Temple Complex Mughal Bridge at Kernal Harsh ka Tilla at Kurukshetra Nahar Singh Mahal Narnaul Pataudi Palace Pinjore Gardens Sthaneshwar Mahadev Temple Surajkund Tomb of Saikh Taiyab at Kaithal Tosham rock inscription State Protected Monuments Monuments of National Importance National Parks & Wildlife Sanctuaries of Haryana Abubshahar Wildlife Sanctuary Bhindawas Wildlife Sanctuary Bir Shikargah Wildlife Sanctuary Chhilchhila Wildlife Sanctuary Kalesar National Park Khaparwas Wildlife Sanctuary Khol Hi-Raitan Wildlife Sanctuary Morni Nahar Wildlife Sanctuary Saraswati Wildlife Sanctuary Sohna Sultanpur Lake Bird Sanctuary Endangered Wildlife Breeding Chinkara Breeding Centre Kairu, Bhiwani Crocodile Breeding Centre, Kurukshetra Deer Park, Hisar Kalesar Elephant Rehabilitation Centre Pheasant Breeding Centre Morni Pheasant Breeding Centre, Berwala Peacock & Chinkara Breading Centre, Jhabua in Rewari district Sparrow Conservation Centre, Pinjore Vulture and Sparrow Conservation and Breeding Centre, Pinjore Zoos in Haryana Bhiwani Zoo Hisar Deer Park Rohtak Zoo Pipli Zoo Herbal Parks Shatavar Vatika Herbal Park, Hisar Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Tosham Ch. Surender Singh Memorial Herbal Park, Kairu Ch. Devi Lal Herbal Nature Park Lakes Badkhal Lake Blue Bird Lake at Hisar Damdama Lake Karna Lake Tilyar Lake at Rohtak Dams Anagpur Dam Hathnikund Barrage Kaushalya Dam Masani barrage Ottu barrage Palla barrage Pathrala barrage Tajewala Barrage Rivers Chautang Ghaggar-Hakra Markanda River Najafgarh Sahibi River Sarasvati River Yamuna Religious Adi Badri (Haryana) Sarsvati udgam sthal Agroha Dham Baba Thakur Banbhori Devi Brahma Sarovar Bhuteshwar Temple Jayanti Devi Temple Jyotisar Kartikeya Temple Markandeshwar Mata Mansa Devi Mandir Nada Sahib Naugaja Peer Pindara Temple Sannihit Sarovar Sita Mai Temple Sheetla Mata Mandir Gurgaon St. Thomas' Church at Hisar Offices High Court Legislative Assembly Raj Bhavan Public places Kingdom of Dreams Mall of India The Oberoi Extreme Corners of Haryana Eastern-most point: Kalesar village Yamuna riverbank in Yamuna Nagar District Western-most point: Chautala - Sangari border road crossing in Sirsa district Southern-most point: Kol Gaon hill in Ferozepur Jhirka tehsil of Gurgaon district Northern-most point: Khokhra village riverbank north of Chandigarh-Baddi river bridge in Panchkula district Highest-lowest of Haryana Highest point: Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district Lowest natural Surface elevation point: Deepest Underground Cave: Coldest avg temp: Karoh Peak in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district Hottest avg temp: Hisar Wettest avg rainfall: Morni hills in Shivalik Hills of Panchkula district Driest avg rainfall: Bhiwani Oldest of Haryana Oldest archaeological site: Rakhigarhi 4700 BC or 6700 years old Indus Valley Civilization in Hisar district Oldest archaeological mine site: Kaliyana hill Indus Valley Civilization stone mine (3000 BC or 5000 years old) west of Charkhi Dadri Government and Politics Elections Elections in Haryana 1991 1996 1998 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Chief Ministers Banarsi Das Gupta Rao Birender Singh Bansi Lal Bhagwat Dayal Sharma Bhajan Lal Devi Lal Om Prakash Chautala Hukam Singh Bhupinder Singh Hooda Manohar Lal Khattar Dharma Vira Birendra Narayan Chakraborty Ranjit Singh Narula Jaisukh Lal Hathi Harcharan Singh Brar Surjit Singh Sandhawalia Ganpatrao Devji Tapase Saiyid Muzaffar Husain Burney Hari Anand Barari Dhanik Lal Mandal Mahaveer Prasad Babu Parmanand Om Prakash Verma Akhlaqur Rahman Kidwai Jagannath Pahadia Kaptan Singh Solanki State agencies Dakshin Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Debt Conciliation Board Doordarshan Haryana Foreign Investment and NRI Cell Forests Department, Haryana Department of Economic and Statistical Analysis, Haryana Department of Environment, Haryana Department of Excise & Taxation, Haryana Department of Finance, Haryana Department of Industries & Commerce, Haryana Department of Industrial Training & Vocational Education, Haryana Department of Institutional Finance & Credit Control, Haryana Department of Labour & Employment, Haryana Department of Land records & Consolidation, Haryana Department of Revenue and Disaster Management, Haryana Department of Rehabilitation, Haryana Department of Higher Education, Haryana Department of School Education, Haryana Department of Elementary Education, Haryana Haryana Board of School Education Haryana Civil Medical Services Haryana Environment Protection Council Haryana Land Record Information System Haryana Power Generation Corporation Limited Haryana Police Haryana Roadways Haryana Seeds Development Corporation Haryana State Directorate of Archaeology & Museums Haryana State Legal Services Authority, Haryana Haryana Tourism Corporation Limited Haryana Urban Development Authority Haryana Waqf Board State Counselling Board, Haryana Uttar Haryana Bijli Vitran Nigam Sports Venues Chaudhary Bansi Lal Cricket Stadium Nahar Singh Stadium Tau Devi Lal Stadium Sector 16 Stadium Mahabir Stadium Associations Haryana Archery Association Haryana Cricket Association Teams Haryana cricket team Haryana football team Bhiwani Boxing Club Portal:India Category: Haryana Wikiproject: Haryana.
Zara saste me ranvir singh dhkana. Third Battle of Panipat The Third Battle of Panipat, 14 January 1761, Hafiz Rahmat Khan, standing right of Ahmad Shah Abdali, who is shown sitting on a brown horse. Date 14 January 1761 Location Panipat (in present-day Haryana, India) 2923′N 7658′E. 29. 39N 76. 97E Result Durrani victory [1] Territorial changes Marathas lost suzerainty over Panipat and areas south of Panipat including Delhi to the Durranis. Ahmad Shah Durrani vacates Delhi soon after the battle. Belligerents Durrani Empire Supported by: Rohillas Maratha Empire Commanders and leaders Ahmad Shah Durrani Persian Officers Timur Shah Durrani Wazir Wali Khan [1] Shah Pasand Khan [1] Barkhurdar Khan [2] Wazirullah Khan [2] Rohilla Officers Shuja-ud-Daula [3] Najib-ud-Daula [4] Amir Beg [2] Jahan Khan [1] Zain Khan Sirhindi Murad Khan [2] Shuja Quli Khan Hafiz Rahmat Khan [1] Dundi Khan [1] Banghas Khan [1] Nasir Khan Baluch [2] Ahmad Khan Bangash [2] Sadashiv Rao Bhau (commander-in-chief of Maratha Army) Vishwasrao Bhatt Malharrao Holkar Mahadji Shinde ( WIA) Ibrahim Khan Gardi Jankoji Shinde ( POW) Shamsher Bahadur ( DOW) Damaji Gaikwad Yashwant Rao Pawar Shri. Arvandekar Sidoji Gharge Strength 41, 800 Afghan cavalry of which 28, 000 was regular cavalry [5] 32000 Rohilla infantry [5] 55, 000 Maratha cavalry of which 11, 000 was regular cavalry [5] 9, 000 gardi infantry [5] The force was accompanied by 200, 000 non-combatants (pilgrims and camp-followers. 6] Casualties and losses 15, 000 Rohillas killed 5, 000 Afghans killed. [5] 30, 000 killed in battle [5] 10, 000 killed while retreating. [5] 10, 000 reported missing. [5] 11, 000 fear stricken troops took refuge at Gwalior fort [5] Another 40, 000–70, 000 non-combatants executed following the battle. [7] 8] The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 14 January 1761 at Panipat, about 97 km (60 miles) north of Delhi, between the Maratha Empire and the invading Afghan army of the King of Afghans, Ahmad Shah Abdali, supported by three Indian allies — the Rohilla Najib-ud-daulah, Afghans of the Doab region, and Shuja-ud-Daula, the Nawab of Awadh. The Maratha army was led by Sadashivrao Bhau who was third in authority after the Chhatrapati (Maratha King) and the Peshwa (Maratha Prime Minister. The main Maratha army was stationed in Deccan with the Peshwa. Militarily, the battle pitted the artillery and cavalry of the Marathas against the heavy cavalry and mounted artillery ( zamburak and jezail) of the Afghans and Rohillas led by Abdali and Najib-ud-Daulah, both ethnic Afghans. The battle is considered one of the largest and most eventful fought in the 18th century, 9] and it has perhaps the largest number of fatalities in a single day reported in a classic formation battle between two armies. The specific site of the battle itself is disputed by historians, but most consider it to have occurred somewhere near modern-day Kaalaa Aamb and Sanauli Road. The battle lasted for several days and involved over 125, 000 troops. Protracted skirmishes occurred, with losses and gains on both sides. The forces led by Ahmad Shah Durrani came out victorious after destroying several Maratha flanks. The extent of the losses on both sides is heavily disputed by historians, but it is believed that between 60, 000–70, 000 were killed in fighting, while the numbers of injured and prisoners taken vary considerably. According to the single best eyewitness chronicle—the bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daulah's Diwan Kashi Raj—about 40, 000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle. [8] Grant Duff includes an interview of a survivor of these massacres in his History of the Marathas and generally corroborates this number. Shejwalkar, whose monograph Panipat 1761 is often regarded as the single best secondary source on the battle, says that "not less than 100, 000 Marathas (soldiers and non-combatants) perished during and after the battle. 7] The result of the battle was the temporary halting of further Maratha advances in the north and destabilisation of their territories for roughly ten years. This period is marked by the rule of Peshwa Madhavrao, who is credited with the revival of Maratha domination following the defeat at Panipat. In 1771, ten years after Panipat, he sent a large Maratha army into northern India in an expedition which re-established Maratha domination in that area and punished refractory powers that had either sided with the Afghans, such as the Rohillas, or had shaken off Maratha domination after Panipat. [10] But their success was short lived. Crippled by Madhavrao's untimely death at the age of 28, infighting ensued among Maratha chiefs soon after, and they ultimately met their final blow at the hands of the British in 1818. [11] Background Decline of the Mughal Empire The 27-year Mughal-Maratha war (1680–1707) led to rapid territorial loss of the Maratha Empire to the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. However after his death in 1707, this process reversed following the Mughal Succession War between the sons of Aurangzeb. By 1712, Marathas quickly started retaking their lost lands. Under Peshwa Baji Rao, Gujarat, Malwa and Rajputana came under Maratha control. Finally, in 1737, Baji Rao defeated the Mughals on the outskirts of Delhi and brought much of the former Mughal territories south of Agra under Maratha control. Baji Rao's son Balaji Baji Rao further increased the territory under Maratha control by invading Punjab in 1758. Raghunathrao's letter to the Peshwa, 4 May 1758. “ Lahore, Multan and other subahs on eastern side of Attock are under our rule for the most part, and places which have not come under our rule we shall soon bring under us. Ahmad Shah Durrani's son Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan have been pursued by our troops, and their troops completely looted. Both of them have now reached Peshawar with a few broken troops. So Ahmad Shah Durrani has returned to Kandahar with some 12-14 thousand broken troops... Thus all have risen against Ahmad who has lost control over the region. We have decided to extend our rule up to Kandahar. ” This brought the Marathas into direct confrontation with the Durrani empire of Ahmad Shah Abdali (also known as Ahmad Shah Durrani. In 1759 he raised an army from the Pashtun and Baloch tribes and made several gains against the smaller Maratha garrisons in Punjab. He then joined with his Indian allies—the Rohilla Afghans of the Gangetic Doab—forming a broad coalition against the Marathas. To counter this, Raghunathrao supposed to go north to handle the situation. Raghunathrao asked for large amount and an army, which was denied by Sadashivrao Bhau, his cousin and Diwan of Peshwa, so he declined to go. Sadashivrao Bhau was there upon made commander in chief of the Maratha Army, under whom the Battle of Panipat was fought. [12] The Marathas, under the command of Sadashivrao Bhau, responded by gathering an army of between 45, 000–60, 000, which was accompanied by roughly 200, 000 non-combatants, a number of whom were pilgrims desirous of making pilgrimages to Hindu holy sites in northern India. The Marathas started their northward journey from Patdur on 14 March 1760. Both sides tried to get the Nawab of Awadh, Shuja-ud-Daulah, into their camp. By late July Shuja-ud-Daulah made the decision to join the Afghan-Rohilla coalition, preferring to join what was perceived as the "army of Islam. This was strategically a major loss for the Marathas, since Shuja provided much-needed finances for the long Afghan stay in North India. It is doubtful whether the Afghan-Rohilla coalition would have the means to continue their conflict with the Marathas without Shuja's support. citation needed] Rise of the Marathas Grant Duff, describing the Maratha army: 13] The lofty and spacious tents, lined with silks and broadcloths, were surmounted by large gilded ornaments, conspicuous at a distance. Vast numbers of elephants, flags of all descriptions, the finest horses, magnificently caparisoned. seemed to be collected from every quarter. it was an imitation of the more becoming and tasteful array of the Mughuls in the zenith of their glory. The Marathas had gained control of a considerable part of India in the intervening period (1712–1757. In 1758 they nominally occupied Delhi, captured Lahore and drove out Timur Shah Durrani, 1] the son and viceroy of the Afghan ruler, Ahmad Shah Abdali. This was the high-water mark of Maratha expansion, where the boundaries of their empire extended north of the Sindhu river all the way down south to northern Kerala. This territory was ruled through the Peshwa, who talked of placing his son Vishwasrao on the Mughal throne. However, Delhi still remained under the control of Mughals, key Muslim intellectuals including Shah Waliullah and other Muslim clergies in India were frightened at these developments. In desperation they appealed to Ahmad Shah Abdali, the ruler of Afghanistan, to halt the threat. [14] Prelude Ahmad Shah Durrani ( Ahmad Shah Abdali) angered by the news from his son and his allies, was unwilling to allow the Marathas' spread go unchecked. By the end of 1759 Abdali with his Afghan tribes, his Baloch allies, and his Rohilla ally Najib Khan had reached Lahore as well as Delhi and defeated the smaller enemy garrisons. Ahmed Shah, at this point, withdrew his army to Anupshahr, on the frontier of the Rohilla country, where he successfully convinced the Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula to join his alliance against the Marathas. The Marathas had earlier helped Safdarjung (father of Shuja) in defeating Rohillas in Farrukhabad. [10] The Marathas under Sadashivrao Bhau responded to the news of the Afghans' return to North India by raising an army, and they marched North. Bhau's force was bolstered by some Maratha forces under Holkar, Scindia, Gaikwad and Govind Pant Bundele. Suraj Mal (the Jat ruler of Bharatpur) also had joined Bhausaheb initially. This combined army captured the Mughal capital, Delhi, from an Afghan garrison in December 1759. [15] Delhi had been reduced to ashes many times due to previous invasions, and in addition there being acute shortage of supplies in the Maratha camp. Bhau ordered the sacking of the already depopulated city. [16] He is said to have planned to place his nephew and the Peshwa's son, Vishwasrao, on the Delhi throne. The Jats withdrew their support from the Marathas. Their withdrawal from the ensuing battle was to play a crucial role in its result. Abdali drew first blood by attacking a small Maratha army led by Dattaji Shinde at Burari Ghat. Dattaji was killed in the battle. [10] Afghan royal soldiers of the Durrani Empire (also referred to as the Afghan Empire. Afghan defeat at Kunjpura With both sides poised for battle, there followed much maneuvering, with skirmishes between the two armies fought at Karnal and Kunjpura. Kunjpura, on the banks of the Yamuna river 60 miles to the north of Delhi, was stormed by the Marathas and the whole Afghan garrison was killed or enslaved. [17] The Marathas achieved a rather easy victory at Kunjpura against an army of 15, 000 Afghans posted there. Some of Abdali's best generals were killed. Ahmad Shah was encamped on the left bank of the Yamuna River, which was swollen by rains, and was powerless to aid the garrison. The massacre of the Kunjpura garrison, within sight of the Durrani camp, exasperated Abdali to such an extent that he ordered crossing of the river at all costs. [18] Afghans cross Yamuna Ahmed Shah and his allies on 17 October 1760, broke up from Shahdara, marching south. Taking a calculated risk, Abdali plunged into the river, followed by his bodyguards and troops. Between 23 and 25 October they were able to cross at Baghpat (a small town about 24 miles up the river) unopposed by the Marathas who were still preoccupied with the sacking of Kunjpura. [19] After the Marathas failed to prevent Abdali's forces from crossing the Yamuna River, they set up defensive works in the ground near Panipat, thereby blocking his access back to Afghanistan, just as Abdali's forces blocked theirs to the south. However, on the afternoon of 26 October, Ahmad Shah's advance guard reached Sambalka, about halfway between Sonepat and Panipat, where they encountered the vanguard of the Marathas. A fierce skirmish ensued, in which the Afghans lost 1000 men but drove the Marathas back to their main body, which kept retreating slowly for several days. This led to the partial encirclement of the Maratha army. In skirmishes that followed, Govind Pant Bundele, with 10, 000 light cavalry who weren't formally trained soldiers, was on a foraging mission with about 500 men. They were surprised by an Afghan force near Meerut, and in the ensuing fight, Bundele was killed. This was followed by the loss of a contingent of 2, 000 Maratha soldiers who had left Delhi to deliver money and rations to Panipat. This completed the encirclement, as Ahmad Shah had cut off the Maratha army's supply lines. [20] With supplies and stores dwindling, tensions started rising in the Maratha camp. Initially the Marathas had moved in almost 150 pieces of modern long-range, French-made artillery. With a range of several kilometres, these guns were some of the best of the time. The Marathas' plan was to lure the Afghan army to confront them while they had close artillery support. [21] Preliminary moves During the next two months of the siege, constant skirmishes and duels took place between units from the two sides. In one of these Najib lost 3, 000 of his Rohillas and nearly killed himself. Facing a potential stalemate, Abdali decided to seek terms, which Bhau was willing to consider. However, Najib Khan delayed any chance of an agreement with an appeal on religious grounds and sowed doubt about whether the Marathas would honour any agreement. [22] After the Marathas moved from Kunjpura to Panipat, Diler Khan Marwat, with his father Alam Khan Marwat and a force of 2500 Pashtuns, attacked and took control of Kunjpura, where there was a Maratha garrison of 700–800 soldiers. At that time Atai Khan Baluch, son of the Wazir of Abdali, came from Afghanistan with 10, 000 cavalry and cut off the supplies to the Marathas. [10] The Marathas at Panipat were surrounded by Abdali in the south, Pashtun Tribes (Yousuf Zai, Afridi, Khattak) in the east, Shuja, Atai Khan and others in the north and other Pashtun tribes (Gandapur, Marwat, Durranis and Kakars) in the west. [10] Unable to continue without supplies or wait for reinforcements any longer, Bhau decided to break the siege. His plan was to pulverise the enemy formations with cannon fire and not to employ his cavalry until the Afghans were thoroughly softened up. With the Afghans broken, he would move camp in a defensive formation towards Delhi, where they were assured supplies. [10] Formations With the Maratha chiefs pressurizing Sadashivrao Bhau, to go to battle rather than perish by starvation, on 13 January, the Marathas left their camp before dawn and marched south towards the Afghan camp in a desperate attempt to break the siege. The two armies came face-to-face around 8:00 a. m. [10] The Maratha lines began a little to the north of Kala Amb. They had thus blocked the northward path of Abdali's troops and at the same time were blocked from heading south—in the direction of Delhi, where they could get badly needed supplies—by those same troops. Bhau, with the Peshwa's son and the royal guard (Huzurat) was in the centre. The left wing consisted of the Gardis under Ibrahim Khan. Holkar and Sindhia were on the extreme right. [23] The Maratha line was formed up some 12 km across, with the artillery in front, protected by infantry, pikemen, musketeers and bowmen. The cavalry was instructed to wait behind the artillery and bayonet-wielding musketeers, ready to be thrown in when control of the battlefield had been fully established. Behind this line was another ring of 30, 000 young Maratha soldiers who were not battle-tested, and then the civilians. Many were ordinary men, women and children on their pilgrimage to Hindu holy places and shrines. Behind the civilians was yet another protective infantry line, of young, inexperienced soldiers. [10] On the other side the Afghans formed a somewhat similar line, a few metres to the south of today's Sanauli Road. Their left was being formed by Najib and their right by two brigades of troops. Their left centre was led by two Viziers, Shuja-ud-daulah with 3, 000 soldiers and 50–60 cannons and Ahmad Shah's Vizier Shah Wali with a choice body of 19, 000 mailed Afghan horsemen. [24] The right centre consisted of 15, 000 Rohillas under Hafiz Rahmat and other chiefs of the Rohilla Pathans. Pasand Khan covered the left wing with 5, 000 cavalry, Barkurdar Khan and Amir Beg covered the right with 3, 000 Rohilla cavalry. Long-range musketeers were also present during the battle. In this order the army of Ahmed Shah moved forward, leaving him at his preferred post in the centre, which was now in the rear of the line, from where he could watch and direct the battle. [10] Battle Early phases Before dawn on 14 January 1761, the Maratha troops broke their fast with the last remaining grain in the camp and prepared for combat. They emerged from the trenches, pushing the artillery into position on their prearranged lines, some 2 km from the Afghans. Seeing that the battle was on, Ahmad Shah positioned his 60 smooth-bore cannon and opened fire. [10] The initial attack was led by the Maratha left flank under Ibrahim Khan, who advanced his infantry in formation against the Rohillas and Shah Pasand Khan. The first salvos from the Maratha artillery went over the Afghans' heads and did very little damage. Nevertheless, the first Afghan attack by Najib Khan's Rohillas broken by Maratha bowmen and pikemen, along with a unit of the famed Gardi musketeers stationed close to the artillery positions. The second and subsequent salvos were fired at point-blank range into the Afghan ranks. The resulting carnage sent the Rohillas reeling back to their lines, leaving the battlefield in the hands of Ibrahim for the next three hours, during which the 8, 000 Gardi musketeers killed about 12, 000 Rohillas. [10] In the second phase, Bhau himself led the charge against the left-of-center Afghan forces, under the Afghan Vizier Shah Wali Khan. The sheer force of the attack nearly broke the Afghan lines, and the Afghan soldiers started to desert their positions in the confusion. Desperately trying to rally his forces, Shah Wali appealed to Shuja ud Daulah for assistance. However, the Nawab did not break from his position, effectively splitting the Afghan force's center. Despite Bhau's success, the over-enthusiasm of the charge, the attack didn't achieve complete success as many of the half-starved Maratha mounts were exhausted. [10] Final phase The Marathas, under Scindia, attacked Najib. Najib successfully fought a defensive action, however, keeping Scindia's forces at bay. By noon it looked as though Bhau would clinch victory for the Marathas once again. The Afghan left flank still held its own, but the centre was cut in two and the right was almost destroyed. Ahmad Shah had watched the fortunes of the battle from his tent, guarded by the still unbroken forces on his left. He sent his bodyguards to call up his 15, 000 reserve troops from his camp and arranged them as a column in front of his cavalry of musketeers ( Qizilbash) and 2, 000 swivel-mounted shutarnaals or Ushtranaal—cannons—on the backs of camels. [25. page needed] The shaturnals, because of their positioning on camels, could fire an extensive salvo over the heads of their own infantry, at the Maratha cavalry. The Maratha cavalry was unable to withstand the muskets and camel-mounted swivel cannons of the Afghans. They could be fired without the rider having to dismount and were especially effective against fast-moving cavalry. Abdali therefore, sent 500 of his own bodyguards with orders to raise all able-bodied men out of camp and send them to the front. He sent 1, 500 more to punish the front-line troops who attempted to flee the battle and kill without mercy any soldier who would not return to the fight. These extra troops, along with 4, 000 of his reserve troops, went to support the broken ranks of the Rohillas on the right. The remainder of the reserve, 10, 000 strong, were sent to the aid of Shah Wali, still labouring unequally against the Bhau in the centre of the field. These mailed warriors were to charge with the Vizier in close order and at full gallop. Whenever they charged the enemy in front, the chief of the staff and Najib were directed to fall upon either flank. [10] With their own men in the firing line, the Maratha artillery could not respond to the shathurnals and the cavalry charge. Some 7, 000 Maratha cavalry and infantry were killed before the hand-to-hand fighting began at around 14:00 hrs. By 16:00 hrs, the tired Maratha infantry began to succumb to the onslaught of attacks from fresh Afghan reserves, protected by armoured leather jackets. [10] Outflanked Sadashiv Rao Bhau who had not kept any reserves, seeing his forward lines dwindling, civilians behind and upon seeing Vishwasrao disappear in the midst of the fighting, felt he had no choice but to come down from his elephant and lead the battle. [1] Taking advantage of this, the Afghan soldiers who had been captured by the Marathas earlier during the siege of Kunjpura revolted. The prisoners unwrapped their green belts and wore them as turbans to impersonate the troops of the Durrani Empire and began attacking from within. This brought confusion and great consternation to the Maratha soldiers, who thought that the enemy had attacked from the rear. Some Maratha troops, seeing that their general had disappeared from his elephant, panicked and scattered in disarray. [10] Abdali had given a part of his army the task of surrounding and killing the Gardis, who were at the leftmost part of the Maratha army. Bhausaheb had ordered Vitthal Vinchurkar (with 1500 cavalry) and Damaji Gaikwad (with 2500 cavalry) to protect the Gardis. However, after seeing the Gardis having no clearing for directing their cannon fire at the enemy troops, they lost their patience and decided to fight the Rohillas themselves. Thus, they broke their position and went all out on the Rohillas. The Rohilla riflemen started accurately firing at the Maratha cavalry, which was equipped only with swords. This gave the Rohillas the opportunity to encircle the Gardis and outflank the Maratha centre while Shah Wali pressed on attacking the front. Thus the Gardis were left defenseless and started falling one by one. [10] Vishwasrao had already been killed by a shot to the head. Bhau and his royal Guard fought till the end, the Maratha leader having three horses shot out from under him. At this stage, Holkar, realising the battle was lost, broke from the Maratha left flank and retreated. [1] The Maratha front lines remained largely intact, with some of their artillery units fighting until sunset. Choosing not to launch a night attack, many Maratha troops escaped that night. Bhau's wife Parvatibai, who was assisting in the administration of the Maratha camp, escaped to Pune with her bodyguard, Janu Bhintada. Some 15, 000 soldiers managed to reach Gwalior. [1] Reasons for the outcome Durrani had both numeric as well as qualitative superiority over Marathas. The combined Afghan army was much larger than that of Marathas. Though the infantry of Marathas was organized along European lines and their army had some of the best French-made guns of the time, their artillery was static and lacked mobility against the fast-moving Afghan forces. The heavy mounted artillery of Afghans proved much better in the battlefield than the light artillery of Marathas. [26. page needed] None of the other Hindu Kings joined forces to fight Abdali. Allies of Abdali, namely, Najib, Shuja and the Rohillas knew North India very well. He was also diplomatic, striking agreements with Hindu leaders, especially the Jats and Rajputs, and former rivals like the Nawab of Awadh, appealing to him in the name of religion. [10] Moreover, the senior Maratha chiefs constantly bickered with one another. Each had ambitions of carving out their independent states and had no interest in fighting against a common enemy. [27] Some of them did not support the idea of a pitched battle and wanted to fight using guerrilla tactics instead of charging the enemy head-on. [28] The Marathas were fighting alone at a place which was 1000 miles away from their capital Pune. [29] Raghunathrao was supposed to go north to reinforce the army. Raghunathrao asked for large amount of wealth and troops, which was denied by Sadashivrao Bhau, his cousin and Diwan of Peshwa, so he declined to go. [12] Sadashivrao Bhau was there upon made commander in chief of the Maratha Army, under whom the Battle of Panipat was fought. Some historians have opined, that Peshwa's decision to appoint Sadashivrao Bhau as the Supreme Commander instead of Malharrao Holkar or Raghunathrao proved to be an unfortunate one, as Sadashivrao was totally ignorant of the political and military situation in North India. [30] If Holkar had remained in the battlefield, the Maratha defeat would have been delayed but not averted. Ahmad Shah's superiority in pitched battle could have been negated if the Marathas had conducted their traditional ganimi kava, or guerrilla warfare, as advised by Malharrao Holkar, in Punjab and in north India. Abdali was in no position to maintain his field army in India indefinitely. [28] Massacres after the battle The Afghan cavalry and pikemen ran wild through the streets of Panipat, killing tens of thousands of Maratha soldiers and civilians. [7] 8] The women and children seeking refuge in streets of Panipat were hounded back in Afghan camps as slaves. Children over 14 were beheaded before their own mothers and sisters. Afghan officers who had lost their kin in battle were permitted to carry out massacres of 'infidel' Hindus the next day also, in Panipat and the surrounding area. [31] They arranged victory mounds of severed heads outside their camps. According to the single best eyewitness chronicle – the bakhar by Shuja-ud-Daula 's Diwan Kashi Raj – about 40, 000 Maratha prisoners were slaughtered in cold blood the day after the battle. [7] 8] According to Hamilton, a reporter of the Bombay Gazette about half a million Marathi people were present there in Panipat town and he gives a figure of 40, 000 prisoners as executed by Afghans. [7] 8] Many of the fleeing Maratha women jumped into the Panipat wells rather than risk rape and dishonour. [31] All of the prisoners were transported on bullock carts, camels and elephants in bamboo cages. [31] Siyar-ut-Mutakhirin says: 31] The unhappy prisoners were paraded in long lines, given a little parched grain and a drink of water, and beheaded. and the women and children who survived were driven off as slaves – twenty-two thousand, many of them of the highest rank in the land. Aftermath Mahadaji Shinde restored the Maratha domination on northern India, within a decade after the war. The bodies of Vishwasrao and Bhau were recovered by the Marathas and were cremated according to their custom. [32] Bhau's wife Parvatibai was saved by Holkar, per the directions of Bhau, and eventually returned to Pune. Peshwa Balaji Baji Rao, uninformed about the state of his army, was crossing the Narmada with reinforcements when he heard of the defeat. He returned to Pune and never recovered from the shock of the debacle at Panipat. [1] According to Shuresh Sharma, It was Balaji Bajirao's love of pleasure which was responsible for Panipat. He delayed at Paithan celebrating his second marriage until December 27, when it was too late. 33] Jankoji Scindia was taken prisoner and executed at the instigation of Najib. Ibrahim Khan Gardi was tortured and executed by enraged Afghan soldiers. [32] The Marathas never fully recovered from the loss at Panipat, but they remained the predominant military power & the largest empire in the Indian subcontinent and managed to retake Delhi 10 years later. However, their claim over all of India ended with the three Anglo-Maratha Wars, almost 50 years after Panipat, in the early 1800s. [34] The Jats under Suraj Mal benefited significantly from not participating in the Battle of Panipat. They provided considerable assistance to the Maratha soldiers and civilians who escaped the fighting. [35] Ahmad Shah's victory left him, in the short term, the undisputed master of North India. However, his alliance quickly unravelled amidst squabbles between his generals and other princes, the increasing restlessness of his soldiers over pay, the increasing Indian heat and arrival of the news that Marathas had organised another 100, 000 men in the south to avenge their loss and rescue captured prisoners. citation needed] Though Abdali won the battle, he also had heavy casualties on his side and sought peace with the Marathas. Abdali sent a letter to Nanasaheb Peshwa (who was moving towards Delhi, albeit at a very slow pace to join Bhau against Abdali) appealing to the Peshwa that he was not the one who attacked Bhau and was just defending himself. Abdali wrote in his letter to Peshwa on 10 February 1761: 36] There is no reason to have animosity amongst us. Your son Vishwasrao and your brother Sadashivrao died in battle, was unfortunate. Bhau started the battle, so I had to fight back unwillingly. Yet I feel sorry for his death. Please continue your guardianship of Delhi as before, to that I have no opposition. Only let Punjab until Sutlaj remain with us. Reinstate Shah Alam on Delhi's throne as you did before and let there be peace and friendship between us, this is my ardent desire. Grant me that desire. These circumstances made Abdali leave India at the earliest. Before departing, he ordered the Indian chiefs, through a Royal Firman (order) including Clive of India) to recognise Shah Alam II as Emperor. [37] Map of India in 1765, before the fall of Nawabs and Princely states nominally allied to the emperor (mainly in Green. Ahmad Shah also appointed Najib-ud-Daula as ostensible regent to the Mughal Emperor. In addition, Najib and Munir-ud-daulah agreed to pay to Abdali, on behalf of the Mughal king, an annual tribute of four million rupees. [37] This was to be Ahmad Shah's final major expedition to North India, as the losses in the battle left him without the capacity to wage any further war against the Marathas, and as he became increasingly preoccupied with the rise of the Sikhs. [38. page needed] Abdali never recovered from the pyrrhic victory and his losses left him weakened and unable to control his dominions leading to the rise of the Sikh Empire. Shah Shuja's forces (including Persian advisers) played a decisive role in collecting intelligence against the Hindu forces and was notorious in ambushing the leading in hundreds of casualties. [39] After the Battle of Panipat the services of the Rohillas were rewarded by grants of Shikohabad to Nawab Faiz-ullah Khan and of Jalesar and Firozabad to Nawab Sadullah Khan. Najib Khan proved to be an effective ruler. However, after his death in 1770, the Rohillas were defeated by the British East India Company. citation needed] Najib died on 30 October 1770. [40] Legacy The valour displayed by the Marathas was praised by Ahmad Shah Abdali. [41] The Marathas fought with the greatest valour which was beyond the capacity of other races. These dauntless blood-shedders didn't fall short in fighting and doing glorious deeds. But ultimately we won with our superior tactics and with the grace of the Divine Lord. The Third Battle of Panipat saw an enormous number of deaths and injuries in a single day of battle. It was the last major battle between South Asian-headed military powers until the creation of Pakistan and India in 1947. To save their kingdom, the Mughals once again changed sides and welcomed the Afghans to Delhi. The Mughals remained in nominal control over small areas of India but were never a force again. The empire officially ended in 1857 when its last emperor, Bahadur Shah II, was accused of being involved in the Sepoy Mutiny and exiled. The Marathas' expansion was delayed due to the battle, and the damage done to the Maratha morale from the initial defeat caused infighting to break out within the empire. They recovered their position under the next Peshwa Madhavrao I and were back in control of the north, finally occupying Delhi by 1771. However, after the death of Madhavrao, due to incessant infighting and external aggression from British imperialist forces, their claims to empire only officially ended in 1818 after three wars with the British East India Company. Meanwhile, the Sikhs—whose rebellion was the original reason Ahmad invaded—were left largely untouched by the battle. They soon retook Lahore. When Ahmad Shah returned in March 1764 he was forced to break off his siege after only two weeks due to a rebellion in Afghanistan. He returned again in 1767 but was unable to win any decisive battle. With his own troops complaining about not being paid, he eventually lost the region to the Sikh Khalsa Raj, who remained in control until 1849 when it was annexed by British East India Company. The battle was referred to in Rudyard Kipling 's poem "With Scindia to Delhi. Our hands and scarfs were saffron-dyed for signal of despair, When we went forth to Paniput to battle with the ~Mlech~ Ere we came back from Paniput and left a kingdom there. It is, however, also remembered as a scene of valour on both sides. Ataikhan, the adopted son of the wazir, was said to have been killed during this time when Yashwantrao Pawar climbed atop his elephant and struck him down. [42] 43] Santaji Wagh's corpse was found with over 40 mortal wounds. The bravery of Vishwas Rao, the Peshwa's son, and Sadashiv Bhau was acknowledged even by the Afghans. [44] In popular culture Bangali Poet Kaykobad wrote a long poem Mahashmashan based on this battle. Bengali writer, playwright Munier Choudhury s play Roktakto Prantor(1959) is based on the third battle of Panipat. The film Panipat, directed by director Ashutosh Gowariker, starring Arjun Kapoor, Sanjay Dutt and Kriti Sanon is based on the Third Battle of Panipat. The film released on December 6, 2019. [45] See also First Battle of Panipat Second Battle of Panipat Battle of Sialkot (1761) Battle of Gujranwala (1761) References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Kaushik Roy, India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil, Orient Longman, 2004) 90. ^ a b c d e f Sharma, Suresh K. (2006. Haryana: Past and Present. ISBN 9788183240468. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004. A History of India. ISBN 9780415329194. ^ History. ISBN 9788187139690. ^ a b c d e f g h i Roy, Kaushik (2004. India's Historic Battles: From Alexander the Great to Kargil. pp. 84–85-93. ^ Third Battle of Panipat (1761. Panipat, Haryana. ^ a b c d e James Grant Duff "History of the Mahrattas, Vol II (Ch. 5) Printed for Longman, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green, 1826" a b c d e T. S. Shejwalkar, Panipat 1761" in Marathi and English) Deccan College Monograph Series. I., Pune (1946) Black, Jeremy (2002. Warfare In The Eighteenth Century. Cassell. ISBN 978-0304362127. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Shejwalkar, Trimbak. Panipat 1761. ISBN 9788174346421. ^ a b Raghunathrao ^ Keene, H. G. The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan. VI. pp. 80–81. ^ Agrawal, Ashvini (1983. Events leading to the Battle of Panipat. Studies in Mughal History. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 26. ISBN 978-8120823266. ^ Robinson, Howard; James Thomson Shotwell (1922. Mogul Empire. The Development of the British Empire. Houghton Mifflin. p. 91. CS1 maint: uses authors parameter ( link) Agrawal, Ashvini (1983. p. 26. ISBN 8120823265. ^ Also see Syed Altaf Ali Brelvi, Life of Hafiz Rahmat Khan. pp. 108–09. ^ Lateef, S M. "History of the Punjab. p. 235. ^ Shejwalkar, Trimbak. ISBN 9788174346421. ^ Rawlinson, H. G (1926. An Account Of The Last Battle of Panipat. Oxford University Press. ^ Rawlinson, H. (1926. Oxford University Press. ^ Keene, H. (1887. Part I, Chapter VI: The Fall of the Moghul Empire of Hindustan. ^ War Elephants Written by Konstantin Nossov, Illustrated by Peter Dennis Format: Trade Paperback ISBN 978-1-84603-268-4 ^ Chandra, Satish (2004. Later Mughals. Medieval India: From Sultanate to the Mughals Part II. Har-Anand. ISBN 978-81-241-1066-9. ^ James Rapson, Edward; Wolseley Haig; Richard Burn; Henry Dodwell; Robert Eric Mortimer Wheeler (1937. The Cambridge History of India: The Mughul period, planned by W. Haig. 4. Cambridge University Press. p. 448. ^ a b Roy, Kaushik (2004. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-8-17824-109-8. ^ 250 years on, Battle of Panipat revisited. 13 January 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2012. ^ Claude Markovits, A history of modern India, 1480–1950. 207. ^ a b c d Rawlinson, H. (1937. Cambridge History of India. IV. p. 424 + note. ^ a b Barua, Pradeep (1994. Military Developments in India, 1750–1850. Journal of Military History. 58 (4) 599–616. doi: 10. 2307/2944270. JSTOR 2944270. ^ Sharma, Suresh K. Mittal Publications. p. 173. ISBN 9788183240468. Retrieved 7 March 2019. ^ Sarkar, Jadunath (1950. Fall of the Mughal Empire. Longmans. p. 235. ^ K. R. Qanungo, History of the Jats, Ed Dr Vir Singh, Delhi, 2003, p. 83 ^ G S Sardesai's Marathi Riyasat, volume 2. "The reference for this letter as given by Sardesai in Riyasat – Peshwe Daftar letters 2. 103, 146; 21. 206; 1. 202, 207, 210, 213; 29, 42, 54, and 39. 161. Satara Daftar – document number 2. 301, Shejwalkar's Panipat, page no. 99. Moropanta's account – 1. 1, 6, 7. ^ a b Mohsini, Haroon. "Invasions of Ahmad Shah Abdali. Archived from the original on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 13 August 2007. ^ MacLeod, John (2002. The History of India. Greenwood Press. ^ Rule of Shah Alam, 1759–1806 The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 2, p. 411. ^ Rule of Shah Alam, 1759–1806 The Imperial Gazetteer of India, 1909, v. 2, p. 411. ^ The lost Marathas of third battle of Panipat. India Today. 12 January 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2017. ^ India_Modern_Peshwas04. ^ Pilgrimage to Panipat. This was a revenge on behalf of the sikhs too as this same was Ataikhan was the killer of Baba Deep Singhji & desecrator of Harmandir Sahib in 1757. ^ Rao, S. "Walking the streets of Panipat. Indian Oil News. Archived from the original on 28 April 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2008. ^ 1] Further reading H. Rawlinson, An Account Of The Last Battle of Panipat and of the Events Leading To It, Hesperides Press (2006) ISBN 978-1-4067-2625-1 Vishwas Patil, Panipat – a novel based on the 3rd battle of Panipat, Venus (1990) Uday S. Kulkarni, A Non Fiction book – 'Solstice at Panipat – 14 January 1761' Mula-Mutha Publishers, Pune (2011. ISBN 978-81-921080-0-1 An Authentic Account of the Campaign of Panipat. Third Battle of Panipat by Abhas Verma ISBN 9788180903397 Bharatiya Kala Prakashana External links Panipat War memorial Pictures District Panipat Was late mediaeval India ready for a Revolution in Military Affairs? Part II Airavat Singh Detailed genealogy of the Durrani dynasty Historical maps of India in the 18th century.
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